रसायन सूत्र

रसायन सूत्र

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1. आक्सीजन—O₂

2. नाइट्रोजन—N₂

3. हाइड्रोजन—H₂

4. कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड—CO₂

5. कार्बन मोनोआक्साइड—CO

6. सल्फर डाइऑक्साइड—SO₂

7. नाइट्रोजन डाइऑक्साइड—NO₂

8. नाइट्रोजन मोनोऑक्साइड (नाइट्रिक ऑक्साइड) — NO

9. डाईनाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड (नाइट्रस ऑक्साइड) — N₂O

10. क्लोरीन — Cl₂

11. हाइड्रोजन क्लोराइड—HCl

12. अमोनिया — NH₃

अम्ल
13. हाइड्रोक्लोरिक एसिड — HCl

14. सल्फ्यूरिक एसिड — H₂SO₄

15. नाइट्रिक एसिड — HNO₃

16. फॉस्फोरिक एसिड — H₃PO₄

17. कार्बोनिक एसिड — H₂CO₃

क्षार
18. सोडियम हाइड्राक्साइड—NaOH

19. पोटेशियम हाइड्राक्साइड—KOH

20. कैल्शियम हाइड्राक्साइड—Ca(OH)₂

लवण
21. सोडियम क्लोराइड—NaCl

22. कार्बोनेट सोडियम—Na₂CO₃

23. कैल्शियम कार्बोनेट — CaCO₃

24. कैल्शियम सल्फेट — CaSO₄

25. अमोनियम सल्फेट — (NH₄)₂SO₄

26. नाइट्रेट पोटेशियम—KNO₃

आम रसायनों के व्यावसायिक एवं रासायनिक नाम
व्यावसायिक नाम — IAPUC नाम — अणु सूत्र
27. चाक — कैल्सियम कार्बोनेट — CaCO₃

28. अंगूर का सत — ग्लूकोज — C6H₁₂O6

एल्कोहल — एथिल 29. एल्कोहल — C₂H5OH
30. कास्टिक पोटाश — पोटेशियम हाईड्राक्साईड — KOH

31. खाने का सोडा — सोडियम बाईकार्बोनेट — NaHCO₃

32. चूना — कैल्सियम आक्साईड — CaO

33. जिप्सम — कैल्सियम सल्फेट — CaSO₄.2H₂O

34. टी.एन.टी. — ट्राई नाईट्रो टालीन — C6H₂CH₃(NO₂)₃

35. धोने का सोडा — सोडियम कार्बोनेट — Na₂CO₃

36. नीला थोथा — कॉपर सल्फेट — CuSO₄

37. नौसादर — अमोनियम क्लोराईड — NH₄Cl

38. फिटकरी — पोटैसियम एलुमिनियम सल्फेट — K₂SO₄Al₂(SO₄)₃.24H₂O

39. बुझा चूना — कैल्सियम हाईड्राक्साईड — Ca(OH)₂

40. मंड — स्टार्च — C6H10O5

41. लाफिंग गैस — नाइट्रस आक्साईड — N₂O

42. लाल दवा — पोटैसियम परमैगनेट — KMnO₄

43. लाल सिंदूर — लैड परआक्साईड — Pb₃O₄

44. शुष्क बर्फ — ठोस कार्बन-डाई-आक्साईड — CO₂

45. शोरा — पोटैसियम नाइट्रेट — KNO₃

46. सिरका — एसिटिक एसिड का तनु घोल — CH₃COOH

47. सुहागा — बोरेक्स — Na₂B₄O7.10H₂O

48. स्प्रिट — मैथिल एल्कोहल — CH₃OH

49. स्लेट — सिलिका एलुमिनियम आक्साईड — Al₂O₃2SiO₂.2H₂O

50.हरा कसीस — फैरिक सल्फेट — Fe₂(SO₄)₃

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Components of flexible pavement

Components of flexible pavement

1. Surface Course -

The surface course of a flexible pavement protects the underlying base course from traffic and water whiles also providing adequate tire friction, generating minimal noise in urban areas, and giving suitable light reflectance for night-time driving.
2. Base course -

The base course is important layer of pavement structure and it distributes the loads from top layers to the underneath Subbase and sub-grade layers. It provides structural support for the pavement surface. It is constructed with hard and durable aggregates which may either stabilized or granular or both.
3. Sub-base course -

Sub-base is the layer of aggregate material laid on the subgrade, on which the base course layer is located. It may be omitted when there will be only foot traffic on the pavement, but it is necessary for surfaces used by vehicles.
4. Sub grade -

Subgrade is the bottom most layer which is nothing but natural soil layer compacted up to required depth generally about 150 to 300 mm to receive the loads coming from top layers. This layer is termed as foundation for the pavement system


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Measuring Height using Vertical Angle in Surveying

Measuring Height using Vertical Angle in Surveying

Equipment used to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle

Theodolite, Leveling Stop, Tape or Chain, Pegs, Plumb bob
Procedure to measure the height of an object using a vertical angle.( Using theodolite)*

1. Setup the instrument at station P.

2. Perform all temporary adjustments.

3. Bring the line of collimation horizontal (vertical angle reading is zero).

4. Sight the top of the object (A), and read the vertical angle α1.

5. Sight the bottom of the object B, and read the vertical angle α2.

6. Measure the Horizontal distance between the instrument station and the object (D).

7. Calculate the height of the object as follow



h1 = D tan α1

h2 = D tan α2

The object height = h1 + h2

This is the method to find the height of an object using a vertical angle by using a theodolite instrument.

:small_blue_diamond:Difference between stirrups and ties -

The 'U' or 'box' shaped reinforcement which is perpendicular to the main reinforcement in a beam is termed as STIRRUP.

The reinforcement which is perpendicular to the main reinforcement in a column is termed as TIE.

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What is the standard size of a column for building?

What is the standard size of a column for building?


The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns.

The minimum size of the column should not be less than 9”x9”.

9”x9” columns are to be used for a single storey structure with M15 (1:2:4) (cement: sand: aggregate ) grade of concrete.

In case, 9”x9” column size is to be used for 1 and half storey structure, then it is advised to use M20 (1:1.5:3) (cement : sand : aggregate ) grade concrete.

A safe and structurally sound column size for a 1 and half storey structure should not be less than 12”x9” using M15 grade concrete. This should be in your most preferred and practical options list.

:black_small_square:Distance between the columns

Try to maintain equal distance between the centres of two columns. Always plan a column layout on a grid.

The distance between two columns of size 9”x9” should not be more than 4m centre to centre of column.

If larger barrier free distances are required then going for larger column size is to be used.

The size of the columns increase because of two factors:

1 . Increase in the distance between two columns (This increases the dimensions of the columns as well the depth of the beam.)

2 . Height of the building (Increase in the number of floors is directly proportional to the dimensions of the columns.



:black_small_square:Alignment of Columns

A rectangular grid is to be made for placing the columns. This helps in avoiding mistakes and placing in columns can be done in the right way.

The columns can preferably be arranged in two different fashions:

1 . In a straight line with the help of a grid.

2 . In a circular fashion for circular buildings.

Zigzag arrangement of columns is an absolutely wrong way of working out Structural design. It should be remembered that when columns are erected, beams are laid connecting the columns.

The Zigzag column placement causes three major issues:

1 . Unbalanced load transfer

2 . Problems in wall construction

3 . Problems in laying beams.


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