Important Terms/Definitons of Electrical Engineering

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Phase

describes one element or device in a load, line, or source. It is simply a "branch" of the
circuit..

Line

refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source (supply) to the load.

Neutral

the 4th wire in the 3-phase system. It's where the phases of a Wye connection come together.

Phase Voltages & Phase Currents

The voltages and currents across and through a single branch (phase) of the circuit.

Line Currents

The currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic).

Line Voltages

The voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca). These may also be referred to
as the line-to-line voltages.

Line to Neutral Voltages

The voltages between any lines and the neutral point (Va, Vb, and Vc). .

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Wye and Delta Connections

Each coils has two ends: a start and an end.

For a 3 phase system this means there is a need for six conductors
In order to reduce the conductor loses, it is essential to reduce the number conductors .

This is achieved by connecting the coils, or phases , in either of two forms.

These are called Wye and Delta connections.

Wye (Y or Star) Connection

The ends of the three phases are connected together to form the neutral while the other ends ( or
terminals form the line connections.

Delta ( or Δ ) Connection

The end of one phase is connected to the start of another phase to form a closed loop referred to as
delta connection.

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Real Power
 P =V I  *cos(θ )
Units are Watt

Reactive Power
Q =V I *sin(θ )

The apparent power
 S = V * I = P2 + Q2
For convenience of writing, the absolute simple will be dropped. Equation 3 is the written as
 S = V * I

Power Factor
pf = cos(θ )

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Lorentz Force

– The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field is proportional
to the charge, velocity, and magnetic field strength.

Faraday’s Law

– Currents can be induced in wires by changing magnetic fields.

Lenz’s Law

– The induced currents in a conductor are in such a direction as to
oppose the change in magnetic field that produces them

Ampere’s Law

– The line integral of the magnetic field intensity around a closed
path is equal to the algebraic sum of the currents flowing through
the area enclosed by the path.

Faraday’s law:

A time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force that produces a current in a closed
circuit. This current flows in a direction such that it produces a magnetic field that tends to
oppose the changing magnetic flux of the original time varying field.

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Eddy Current Loss

The other type of losses, that occurs in magnetic circuits, is the eddy current loss.

Time varying magnetic field induces eddy currents in conducting material

- Eddy currents occur when AC voltages are induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic
field

- Eddy currents dissipate power as resistive losses in the conductor

- To reduce eddy current losses, magnetic materials are laminated (for a given core size, eddy
current losses decrease in proportion to the square of the number of laminations).

What is a transformer?

– A device for increasing or decreasing an AC voltage

– Power Transformers, TV sets to provide High Voltage to picture tubes,

portable electronic device converters, transformers on the pole, etc. are few
examples

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Basic Components of Transformers

A transformer consists of two coils electrically separate but linked by a common magnetic circuit of
low reluctance formed by a laminated soft iron core. If one coil (the primary coil) is connected to an
AC supply, an alternating magnetic flux is set up in the iron core.

This alternating magnetic flux passes through the secondary coil and induces and alternating voltage
in the secondary coil.

The magnitude of the secondary voltage is directly proportional to the ratio of the number of turns in
the secondary and primary windings and to the primary voltage.

How do transformers work?

– A changing current through a coil of wire can create a changing magnetic
field.

– Currents can be induced in other wires by these changing magnetic field.

– Therefore, the primary coil current must have AC.

– The iron core of the transformer is not required but it does increases the
efficiency a great deal.

Theory of the Transformer

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The operation of a transformer is based on two principles:

• 1. A voltage is induced in a conductor when the conductor passes through a magnetic
field. The same effect is produced if the conductor is stationary but the magnetic field
in which it is located varies; and

• 2. A current passing through a conductor will develop a magnetic field around the
conductor.

• Note: In this discussion on transformers, the term magnetic "flux" will usually be used
instead of magnetic "field".

• A magnetic field is the space or region surrounding a magnet or a current carrying
conductor, in which magnetic effects can be detected.

• The strength of the magnetic field is generally expressed in terms of magnetic flux
density (magnetic flux per square meter). Magnetic flux refers to the magnetic lines of
force

Autotransformer

• Another type of transformer is known as the autotransformer.

• It consists of a single tapped primary where the center tap is common
to both primary and secondary (not isolated).

• some of the turns on the coil are used for the primary and some are
used for the secondary.

• an example of a variable autotransformer is known as a variac.

• A variac is a single coil with a sweeping arm for the center common,
this allows the ratio of primary turns:secondary turns to be altered
easily.

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Current Transformer

• Yet another type of transformer is the current transformer.

• Central to all of the AC power transducers is the measurement of
current.

• This is accomplished using a current transformer (CT), a "donut"
(toroidal) shaped core through which is threaded the wire whose
current is to be measured.

• Current transformers are designed to produce either an alternating
current or alternating voltage proportional to the current being
measured.

Potential Transformer

• Potential transformers are used by the electrical industry for smaller power applications and metering.

• They are a step-down transformer and range in wattage.

• This is a common Westinghouse 1500V 12,000V transformer.

Alternating Current (AC)

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An electric current that reverses its direction many times a second at regular intervals.

Ammeter

  An instrument for measuring the flow of electrical current in amperes. Ammeters are always connected in series with the circuit to be tested.

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Ampacity 

The maximum amount of electric current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.

Ampere-Hour (Ah)

  A unit of measure for battery capacity. It is obtained by multiplying the current (in amperes) by the time (in hours) during which current flows. For example, a battery which provides 5 amperes for 20 hours is said to deliver 100 ampere - hours.

Ampere (A) 

 A unit of measure for the intensity of an electric current flowing in a circuit. One ampere is equal to a current flow of one coulomb per second.

Apparent Power

 Measured in volt-ampers (VA). Apparent power is the product of the rms voltage and the rms current.

Armature

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  The movable part of a generator or motor. It is made up of conductors which rotate through a magnetic field to provide voltage or force by electromagnetic induction. The pivoted points in generator regulators are also called armatures.

Capacitance

 The ability of a body to store an electrical charge. Measured in farads as the ratio of the electric charge of the object (Q, measured in coulombs) to the voltage across the object (V, measured in volts).

Capacitor 

A device used to store an electric charge, consisting of one or more pairs of conductors separated by an insulator. Commonly used for filtering out voltage spikes.

Circuit 

 A closed path in which electrons from a voltage or current source flow. Circuits can be in series, parallel, or in any combination of the two.

Circuit Breaker 

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 An automatic device for stopping the flow of current in an electric circuit. To restore service, the circuit breaker must be reset (closed) after correcting the cause of the overload or failure. Circuit breakers are used in conjunction with protective relays to protect circuits from faults.

Conductor

 Any material where electric current can flow freely. Conductive materials, such as metals, have a relatively low resistance. Copper and aluminum wire are the most common conductors.

Corona

  A corona discharge is an electrical discharge brought on by the ionization of a fluid such as air surrounding a conductor that is electrically charged. Spontaneous corona discharges occur naturally in high-voltage systems unless care is taken to limit the electric field strength.

Current (I)

 The flow of an electric charge through a conductor. An electric current can be compared to the flow of water in a pipe. Measured in amperes.

Cycle 

The change in an alternating electrical sine wave from zero to a positive peak to zero to a negative peak and back to zero. 

Demand

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  The average value of power or related quantity over a specified period of time.

Dielectric constant 

 A quantity measuring the ability of a substance to store electrical energy in an electric field.

Dielectric strength 

The maximum electric field that a pure material can withstand under ideal conditions without breaking down (i.e., without experiencing failure of its insulating properties).

Diode 

A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only. Diodes allow current to flow when the anode is positive in relation to the cathode.

Direct Current (DC) 

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 An electric current that flows in only one direction.

Electrolyte 

Any substance which, in solution, is dissociated into ions and is thus made capable of conducting an electrical current. The sulfuric acid - water solution in a storage battery is an electrolyte.

Electromotive Force 

(EMF) A difference in potential that tends to give rise to an electric current. Measured in volts.

Electron 

A tiny particle which rotates around the nucleus of an atom. It has a negative charge of electricity.

Electron theory

The theory which explains the nature of electricity and the exchange of "free" electrons between atoms of a conductor. It is also used as one theory to explain direction of current flow in a circuit.

Farad 

A unit of measure for capacitance. One farad is equal to one coulomb per volt.

Ferroresonance 

(nonlinear resonance) a type of resonance in electric circuits which occurs when a circuit containing a nonlinear inductance is fed from a source that has series capacitance, and the circuit is subjected to a disturbance such as opening of a switch. It can cause overvoltages and overcurrents in an electrical power system and can pose a risk to transmission and distribution equipment and to operational personnel.

Frequency 

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 The number of cycles per second. Measured in Hertz. If a current completes one cycle per second, then the frequency is 1 Hz; 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz.

Fuse 

A circuit interrupting device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level. To restore service, the fuse must be replaced using a similar fuse with the same size and rating after correcting the cause of failure.

Generator 

A device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Ground 

The reference point in an electrical circuit from which voltages are measured, a common return path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) 

A device intended for the protection of personnel that functions to de-energize a circuit or portion thereof within an established period of time when a current to ground exceeds some predetermined value that is less than that required to operate the overcurrent protective device of the supply circuit.

Henry 

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A unit of measure for inductance. If the rate of change of current in a circuit is one ampere per second and the resulting electromotive force is one volt, then the inductance of the circuit is one henry.

Hertz 

A unit of measure for frequency. Replacing the earlier term of cycle per second (cps).

Impedance 

The measure of the opposition that a circuit presents to a current when a voltage is applied. Impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, and possesses both magnitude and phase, unlike resistance, which has only magnitude.

Inductance 

The property of a conductor by which a change in current flowing through it induces (creates) a voltage (electromotive force) in both the conductor itself (self-inductance) and in any nearby conductors (mutual inductance). Measured in henry (H).

Inductor 

A coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. The inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns in the coil.

Insulator 

 Any material where electric current does not flow freely. Insulative materials, such as glass, rubber, air, and many plastics have a relatively high resistance. Insulators protect equipment and life from electric shock.

Inverter 

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An apparatus that converts direct current into alternating current.

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) 

The product of power in kW and time in hours. Equal to 1000 Watt-hours. For example, if a 100W light bulb is used for 4 hours, 0.4kWhs of energy will be used (100W x 1kW / 1000 Watts x 4 hours). Electrical energy is sold in units of kWh.

Kilowatt-hour Meter 

A device used to measure electrical energy use.

Kilowatt (kW) 

 Equal to 1000 watts.

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Load 

Anything which consumes electrical energy, such as lights, transformers, heaters and electric motors.

Load Rejection 

The condition in which there is a sudden load loss in the system which causes the generating equipment to be over-frequency. A load rejection test confirms that the system can withstand a sudden loss of load and return to normal operating conditions using its governor. Load banks are normally used for these tests as part of the commissioning process for electrical power systems.

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Mutual Induction 

Occurs when changing current in one coil induces voltage in a second coil.

Ohm 

 (Ω) A unit of measure of resistance. One ohm is equivilant to the resistance in a circuit transmitting a current of one ampere when subjected to a potential difference of one volt.

Ohm's Law 

The mathematical equation that explains the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance (V=IR).

Ohmmeter 

An instrument for measuring the resistance in ohms of an electrical circuit.

Open Circuit 

 An open or open circuit occurs when a circuit is broken, such as by a broken wire or open switch, interrupting the flow of current through the circuit. It is analogous to a closed valve in a water system.

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Parallel Circuit 

A circuit in which there are multiple paths for electricity to flow. Each load connected in a separate path receives the full circuit voltage, and the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the individual branch currents.

Piezoelectricity

 Electric polarization in a substance (especially certain crystals) resulting from the application of mechanical stress (pressure).

Polarity 

 A collective term applied to the positive (+) and negative ( - ) ends of a magnet or electrical mechanism such as a coil or battery.

Power 

The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit. Measured in Watts.

Power Factor 

The ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.

Protective Relay 

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 A relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected.

Reactive Power 

 The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric and magnetic fields of AC equipment. Exists in an AC circuit when the current and voltage are not in phase. Measured in VARS.

Rectifier 

An electrical device that converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.

Relay 

 An electrical coil switch that uses a small current to control a much larger current.

Reluctance 

The resistance that a magnetic circuit offers to lines of force in a magnetic field.

Resistance 

The opposition to the passage of an electric current. Electrical resistance can be compared to the friction experienced by water when flowing through a pipe. Measured in ohms.

Resistor 

 A device usually made of wire or carbon which presents a resistance to current flow.

Rotor 

The rotating part of an electrical machine such as a generator, motor, or alternator.

Self Induction 

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Voltage which occurs in a coil when there is a change of current.

Semiconductor

 A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.

Series-Parallel Circuit

 A circuit in which some of the circuit components are connected in series and others are connected in parallel.

Series Circuit 

A circuit in which there is only one path for electricity to flow. All of the current in the circuit must flow through all of the loads.

Service 

The conductors and equipment used to deliver energy from the electrical supply system to the system being served.

Short Circuit 

When one part of an electric circuit comes in contact with another part of the same circuit, diverting the flow of current from its desired path.

Solid State Circuit 

 Electronic (integrated) circuits which utilize semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers.

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Transistor 

A semiconductor device with three connections, capable of amplification in addition to rectification.

True Power 

Measured in Watts. The power manifested in tangible form such as electromagnetic radiation, acoustic waves, or mechanical phenomena. In a direct current (DC) circuit, or in an alternating current (AC) circuit whose impedance is a pure resistance, the voltage and current are in phase.

VARS

 A unit of measure of reactive power. Vars may be considered as either the imaginary part of apparent power, or the power flowing into a reactive load, where voltage and current are specified in volts and amperes.

Variable Resistor 

A resistor that can beadjusted to different ranges of value.

Volt-Ampere (VA) 

 A unit of measure of apparent power. It is the product of the rms voltage and the rms current.

Volt (V) 

A unit measure of voltage. One volt is equal to the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance.

Voltage 

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 An electromotive force or "pressure" that causes electrons to flow and can be compared to water pressure which causes water to flow in a pipe. Measured in volts.

Voltmeter 

An instrument for measuring the force in volts of an electrical current. This is the difference of potential (voltage) between different points in an electrical circuit. Voltmeters have a high internal resistance are connected across (parallel to) the points where voltage is to be measured.

Watt-hour (Wh) 

 A unit of electrical energy equivalent to a power consumption of one watt for one hour.

Watt (W) 

A unit of electrical power. One watt is equivalent to one joule per second, corresponding to the power in an electric circuit in which the potential difference is one volt and the current one ampere.

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Wattmeter 

 The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power (or the supply rate of electrical energy) in watts of any given circuit.

Waveform 

 A graphical representation ofelectrical cycles which shows the amount of variation in amplitude over some period of time.

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TOP MOST 150 CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions and Answers

TOP MOST CIVIL ENGINEERING 

Interview Questions and Answers 

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1. What are the causes of building collapse?

The passage of time is one reason. Buildings also collapse due to weak foundations. Earthquakes, hurricanes and other natural disasters can also damage the structure of the buildings and cause it to collapse. Bombings or demolition of buildings is also other reasons.

2. What are the applications of modulus of elasticity?

As the term implies, “Modulus of Elasticity” relates to the elasticity or “flexibility” of a material. The value of modulus of elasticity is very much significant relating to deflection of certain materials used in the construction industry. Take for example the general E value of mild carbon steel is about 200 Gpa compared to about 70 Gpa for aluminum. This simply translate that aluminum is 3 times flexible than steel. Erexams.com

3. Define What is the difference between routing maintenance and major maintenance in school facilities?

o The routine maintenance is the minor and consistent repairs that are engaged in the school premises. Examples could include painting, replacement of fixtures, louver blades, furniture repairs, and patching cracks in the school buildings.
o The major maintenance could also be a total rehabilitation of the school, either school buildings or any other project within the school community. It could be total restructuring of the lighting system in the school or sanitary system.

4. How are freeway bridges built?

After calculating the anticipated traffic for the bridge, cement/reinforced- with- rebar stanchions are spaced over the freeway to accommodate the bridge. An ‘off-ramp’ from the freeway to the bridge is constructed, as is an ‘on-ramp’ to the subsequent road. Cement/rebar slabs are built and lifted with cranes to form the E  called attenuation. The tools of spectroscopy in chemistry are based on the absorption of photons by atoms and molecules.
o Adsorption is similar, but refers to a surface rather than a volume: adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film (the adsorb-ate). It is different from absorption, in which a substance diffuses into a liquid or solid to form a solution.

CIVIL ENGINEERING Interview Questions

6. How do you measure concrete?

Cubic feet, Cubic yards, Cubic Meter

7. Which is stronger solid steel rod or hollow steel pipe?

On a per pound basis, steel pipe is stronger in bending and is less likely to buckle in axial compression.

8. What is the tallest man made structure in the world? The tallest man made structure is the KVLY-TV mast which is 2063 feet tall. The worlds tallest man made structure is Burj Dubai which is 800 meter tall.

9. Define What are the uses of alloys in daily life and how are alloys made?

o Alloying is not always done to produce a ‘superior’ material, but to produce materials having a desired requirement in the industry or elsewhere. A classic case is of lead solder (containing lead & tin), in which the melting point of the constituent elements are lowered, not necessarily a desirable property.

o Alloying can be carried out using hot press method (a sheet of material is sandwiched with alloying material), rolling the heated  base metal in a drum full of alloying metal powder, using hot spraying, galvanizing (dipping the base in a molten solution of alloying material) etc. Sometimes the alloying material is added in small proportions to the molten base metal (e.g., in production of different types of steel).

10. What is the worlds largest concrete dam?

The Grand Coulee Dam is said to be the largest concrete dam. Currently the world’s largest concrete dam is the Itaipu Dam, an accomplishment of two neighboring countries, Brazil and paraguay in South America. Though it is not finished yet, the Three Gorges (or Sandapong) Dam on the Yangtze River in China will take over as the largest upon its completion, which is slated for 2009.
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11. What is braced excavation all about?

Excavations are braced to prevent the cave-in of surrounding unstable soil. 

12. What is the meaning of soil reinforcement?

Soil reinforcement is the act of improving soil strength to enable it support or carry more load. Two common examples are:
1. Mixing a soil amendment such as lime into weak clayey soil and re-compacting to improve soil-bearing capacity (often done under the road base in highway construction)
2. Installing plastic or composite webbing layers (called geo-grid material) alternating with compacted soil to produce a stronger sloped soil structure (often done on steep roadway embankments to improve strength and stability)

13. Define What is aggregate?

Aggregate is the component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress.

14. What year was the keystone power plant in Indiana County constructed?

1967 began commercial operation on unit 1.

15. What is the force exerted by the Tacoma narrows bridge?

The force exerted to the Tacoma narrows bridge was initially the wind resistance. The wind resistance caused the whole bridge to act as a system with forced vibration with damping.

16. How do you calculate the power of a centrifugal pump?

The input power, that is, the power required to operate the pump should be stated in Hp (horsepower) on the pump’s nameplate. It can also be calculated by the 3-phase power equation:

P(in Hp) = VI(1.7c) = Rated Voltage x Rated Current x 1.73/ %Efficiency
If this is a consumer grade pump that operates on 120Vac,
then the equation becomes
P = VI,
simply multiply the operating voltage, 120 x current (which is the number followed by the letter “A”. The output power, which really is not technically power, but rated in Gpm (gallons per minute), or capacity should also be on the nameplate. If you have the make, model, and (not necessarily needed) the serial number (also on the nameplate) you could call the manufacturer’s customer service dept. As an application engineer, I have contacted countless manufacturers’, and service dept’s for assistance.
It is now big deal to them, they will be happy to answer your questions.

17. Why nautical mile is different from statute mile?

One nautical mile is defined by one latitude minute of arc (there are 60 such minutes to a degree). This equals 1852 meters, and roughly (but coincidentally) 2000 yards or 6000 feet. (Edit: actually, a standard nautical mile is 6076 feet, 6000 feet and 2000 yards are commonly used approximations, but produce an error of about 1%).
The statute mile had a little fuzzier definition to start with, as one mile Erexams.com was the same as 1000 roman paces/steps. The definition has since changed, but one statute mile equals about 1609 meters.

18. Define What is rigging?

In sailing, the ropes used to move the sails around so the boat will move in the right direction when the wind blows.

19. What is absolute pressure?

Absolute pressure is simply the addition of the observed gage pressure plus the value of the local atmospheric pressure.

20. How do we calculate absolute pressure?

Absolute is equal to gauge pressure plus atmospheric.
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21. What is Gravity flow?

Gravity flow is fluid flowing due to the forces of gravity alone and not to an applied pressure head. In the Bernoulli equation, the pressure term is omitted, and the height and velocity terms are the only ones included.

22. What is horizon or horizontal mining? 

o Horizon or horizontal mining can be applied to extraction of material from seams of any stratified mineral such as limestone or ironstone, but it is more usually associated with coal – particularly where there are several seams that are inclined or folded and/or faulted.

o Horizon mining involves long level roadways (horizons) being driven from the shafts to the extremity of the area to be mined.

o The levels of the horizons are chosen to intersect the maximum number of seams the maximum number of times. As the seams are intersected, headings will be driven into the seam so that the desired material may be extracted. This method of mining requires a thorough understanding of the geological structure of the area to be mined so that the level of the horizons can be chosen for optimum results.

o This method of mining is popular in modern coalmines with seams worked from several horizons. The considerable capital outlay of Erexams.com driving horizons before production can begin is recouped by the advantage of having long straight level roadways of generous dimensions unaffected by the crushing effect of nearby extraction of the mineral.

23. What is the difference between engineering stress and true stress?

In biology, Stress is something that disrupts homeostasis of an organism. In engineering, Stress is an external force that pushes, pulls, twists, or otherwise puts force on something. Engineering stress assumes that the area a force is acting upon remains constant, true stress takes into account the reduction in area caused by the force.

24. Define What is a kip?

1 kip = 1000 lbs 25. What are some structures that may be subjected to fatigue? Bridges, hydraulic presses, burners trains Erexams.com

26. Will going from a 3-tap to 6-tap increase water pressure?

No, the pressure will be the same, you will get more volume only if your pumps can handle the GPM, to increase pressure you may need a booster pump or a single pump that is rated for your needs.

27. Why does the pressure increase under soil?

Soil pressure increases with depth due to the overburden or selfweight of the soil and due to loads imposed upon the soil. For example, the pressure variation below the depth of soil is linear and the relation is given by pressure = unit wt * depth. As depth increases, there will be a linear increase in the soil pressure.

28. What is the distance between railway tracks?

4 feet, 8 1/2 inches

29. How high should the water tank be to provide a 60 PSI at base of this water tower?

138.60ft 2.31ft of water= 1 PSI Erexams.com

30. Define What are the reasons for geotechnical site investigations in Uganda?

o To know the soil properties, in so doing be in position to determine whether the particular site is suitable for the purpose intended
o To know the history of the site
o To know what remedies need to be put in place before construction can start
o Based on the soil properties, that can be determined on site and in the lab, design the appropriate foundation for the structure.
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31. What do you mean by honeycomb in concrete?

Some people call it an air pocket in the concrete or a void.

32. What is the purpose of the gap in the road on this bridge?

 Purpose of the gap in the road is to allow the road to expand and contract with temperature changes without causing damage or deformation to the road.

33. Define What is the tensile strength of wood?

The tensile strength of a material is the value at which the material fails when subjected to a tensile force. (Tensile means a force pulling the wood fibers lengthwise, as opposed to a compressive force.) There are a lot of different types and load cases for wood, so there is not one answer to this question.

 For example, wood used outside will fail at a lower load than wood inside. Wood is also anisotropic, i.e. it has different strength in different directions. Example values of tensile strength vary anywhere from 175 pounds per square inch for Utility Grade pine to 1400 PSI for Dense Select Structural grade Douglas Fir. A good reference for material strength data for most species and grades of commercially available wood can be found in the American Institute of Timber Construction handbook.

34. How many Lbs are there in a yard?

A pound (Lb) is a unit of measurement for weight while a yard is a unit of measurement for distance. Erexams.com If you are referring to common measurements used on a construction site, a “yard” is a common abbreviation for a “cubic yard”, which is a unit of measurement of volume. (A cubic yard equals 27 cubic feet.) Since dirt weighs about 110 pounds per cubic feet, a cubic yard of dirt weighs about 2970 Lbs. Since concrete is heavier (150 PCF), a cubic yard of concrete weighs about 4050 Lbs.

35. What is a projection line?

Projection line is the way, in which the earth is shown on a flat piece of paper.

36. What are moment of inertia and its importance in civil engineering?

The moment of inertia measures the opposition any kind of body will have against a certain momentum (along that same axis) trying to rotate that body.

37. Define What is the origin of name Railway Sleepers?

When sleepers were added below the railway, lines the trains ran more smoothly and people fell asleep on their journeys.

38. What is BMC stands for in BMC Software?

BMC Software founders Scott Boulett, John Moores, and Dan Cloer began a contract programming partnership that operated in and around Houston, Texas.

39. Does brick grows bigger every year. Usually bricks do not grow, but since stuff gets all over, it looks like it grows.

40. How did street originate in the plumbing term street ell?

 A “street ell” may have gotten its name because it describes a 90° fitting particularly useful in tight, street ditches. When installing water pipes under a street, or from a water service, again under the street, into a home or business, this street ell allows one to change pipe direction with one less fitting, and in less space, than with a standard ell.
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41. What is the absolute pressure scale?

Absolute pressure is calculated from a vacuum (0 PSI) and atmospheric Erexams.com pressure is14.7PSIa or 14.7 PSI above a vacuum 1PSI on a tire pressure gauge is called 1PSIg = 15.7PSIa 10PSIg=24.7PSIa 100PSIg=114.7PSIa etc.

42. What is the difference between QA and QC?

Many people and organizations are confused about the difference between quality assurance (QA), quality control (QC), and testing. They are closely related, but they are different concepts. Since all three are necessary to manage the risks of developing and maintaining software, it is important for software managers to understand the differences. They are defined below:
1. Quality Assurance: A set of activities designed to ensure that the development and/or maintenance process is adequate to ensure a system will meet its objectives.
2. Quality Control: A set of activities designed to evaluate a developed work product. Erexams.com 3. Testing is the process of executing a system with the intent of finding defects. (Note that the “process of executing a system” includes test planning prior to the execution of the test cases.)

43. How did the Romans get water up hills using aqua ducts?

Technically, the Romans were not able to get water to move uphill in a general sense. All aqueducts move water from an elevated source (spring-fed streams in the mountains) to end-users at a lower elevation. The water flows almost entirely downhill from the source to the end user. If the water needed to cross a valley, the Romans would build an arched structure with an elevated channel to cross the valley, but even this channel would have a vary slight downhill gradient that allowed water to flow towards the end user. If a large hill was in their way, the Romans would either divert the channel around the hill, dig a trench through the hill, or dig a tunnel through the hill, all while maintaining a fairly constant, slight downhill gradient towards the end user.  The only exception to the rule of a generally constant downhill slope to the water channel is that specific tunnel segments, the Romans could build the tunnel as an inverted siphon (mentioned above) to cross a depression or valley and raise the water level on the downhill side almost to the level of the uphill side. To do this requires a wellsealed tunnel strong enough to withstand the increased water pressure within the siphon. Note, however, that except for gaining a little bit of elevation if you slow down fast-moving water, you normally cannot get water to flow out of the outlet at a higher elevation than the inlet. So technically, even the Romans were not able to get water to flow “up a hill”.

44. Will Water damage concrete?

As far as only concrete is concerned i.e. plain concrete, the effect of water seepage is very little (depending upon the grade of concrete) whereas for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) water that seeps in Erexams.com corrodes the reinforcement and thus reduces the life of the structure. The defects that water seepage induces in concrete are as follows:
o induces capillary formation (due to the detiorating characteristics of water)
o With this capillaries the concrete starts spalling out;
 i.e. the places where capillaries are formed, with even slight amount of stress that portion comes out and exposes the steel to the atmosphere
o Concrete has a pH of about 12 -13. It also reduces the pH of the concrete when in salty water (or) when exposed to marshy areas.
o Reduces the overall strength of concrete
o Reduces durability
o Reduces permeability to further water seepage
o Results in ageing of structures

45. How do you determine Specific gravity of cement?

Cement is usually purchased as a powdery substance that is mixed with sand, aggregate, gravel, and water to form concrete. Since the  cement itself is usually a powder, it is hard to measure a standard value for its specific gravity. In addition, since cement is usually not used by itself, knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful. A more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” A rule of thumb answer is that normal cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot. This includes the weight of the cement, sand, aggregate, and that part of the water that chemically binds with the cement to form the concrete. Since water weighs about 62.4 pounds per cubic feet, concrete is about 2.4 times as heavy. Thus, the specific gravity of concrete is about 2.4. If you took cement and mixed it with water, you would eventually have a hard lump of useless cement and it would also have a specific gravity of between 2 and 2.4.

46. What is the meaning of a blue land surveyors flag?

If the flag was placed by Utility personnel responding to a “One-call” locate request, the blue flag indicates a buried water line. You see these marked when a contractor calls the “Call before you dig Erexams.com number” a couple of days prior to excavating. This is required by law in each state to reduce the likelihood of damaging underground utilities when excavating. The standard color code used by almost all utility companies for painting & flags is: White – “Here is the area I plan on excavating!” Blue – water line Red -electricity Yellow -natural gas Green -sewer Orange -telephone and/or fiber optic line If the blue flagging was a fuzzy blue marker nailed to the top of a wood surveyor’s stake, then it probably serves to indicate the top of the grade at which the engineer wants the earthmoving equipment to place fill dirt. These are called “blue-top” stakes

47. What are advancements in civil engineering?

Unlike other fields of engineering, the major advancement of the filed has been in the early years of the century before the last century where the use of concrete technology is advanced. The use of cement as a construction material is since the turn of the last century, improvement in the field increase by the use of steel elements in the construction of buildings and bridges of various types. With the help of two, it was possible to do multistory buildings in the world. Machineries were created to speed up the construction structures. The last century has also seen the advent of sophisticated design to withstand the effect of earthquake that was not possible before. With the use of computers, development of model and analysis of structures under the effect of loads was made possible. Before just two decades, it used to take months and months to design high-rise building and big bridges. Now it is a matter of hours.

 48. Why is the statue of liberty made of copper?

Copper is a very durable material when exposed to weather and is soft enough that it can be easily molded to curved shapes such as those in the Statue of Liberty. It is also traditionally used in buildings for complex roofs, so there would have been trades people available trained to use it. Other metals that can be molded are lead but it does not have the attractive verdigris color, and gold much is more expensive

49. Are cruise ships built for the transatlantic run?

The Queen Mary 2 was built for transatlantic crossings, but much smaller ships can make the crossing easily. In 1995, I crossed the Atlantic from New York to the Azores on the Royal Princess (which was not the same ship as the current Royal Princess), which was about one-fourth the size of the QM2. Just about any seaworthy passenger ship can navigate the Atlantic safely, if not comfortably.

50. Define What is diversion tunnel in a dam?

When a dam is to be built, a diversion tunnel is usually bored through solid rock next to the dam site to bypass the dam construction site. The dam is built while the river flows through the diversion tunnel.

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51. What distance in meters on the ground is the equivalent of one second of arc in longitude or latitude?

1. One minute of arc as measured at the center of the Earth covers one nautical mile on the surface of the Earth at mean sea level. One nautical mile is 6080 feet or 1853.2 meters. Therefore one second of arc would be 6080 / 60 = 101.3 feet or 30.886 meters.
2. Lines of latitude are at regular intervals parallel to the equator. The relationship between degrees of latitude and the distance spanned on the earth’s surface remains constant. Therefore at all latitudes 1 minute of latitude spans 1 nautical mile on the earths surface.
3. Lines of longitude converge at the poles. Therefore, the relationship between degrees of longitude and the distance spanned on the earth’s surface is reduced as the poles are approached.
4. At the equator, the distance spanned by 1 minute of longitude would be 1 nautical mile. At the poles, it would be zero. To calculate the actual distance on the surface of the earth between two points of known latitude and longitude requires knowledge of spherical trigonometry to calculate the great circle distance between the two points.
5. The distances quoted are for the surface of the earth at mean sea level. Distances will be increased above sea level and reduced below it.

52. How do you maintain water pressure?

If you have water pressure and wish to maintain it, do not cause flow in the line, which will reduce pressure due to friction. To keep  pressure up, reduce friction by increasing the line size or eliminating some other restriction.

53. What are some facts about concrete?

Actually, drying is not directly linked to hardness in concrete. After concrete is poured, putting it in a wet environment by spraying it constantly with water will hasten its hardening and its curing. After concrete cures, it is hard.

54. Who designed the city of Washington DC?

 Pierre L’enfant

55. Where is the worlds longest elevator and how long is it?

Gold mines in South Africa go a few kilometers below the surface. The deepest mine now is the Mponeng Mine in the Orange Free State. The depth of the mine is well over 3000m from the surface and is getting deeper. The lift itself descends 3037m to a point 1200m below sea level. It takes 4 minutes.

56. How many kilo-Newtons equals 1000 kilogram?

When the 1000 kg are at rest, on Earth with gravitational acceleration 9.81 m/s2, 1000 kg equal 9.81 kN.

57. How is the Leaning Tower of Pisa supported?

In the same manner, it was supported when it was constructed. However, it has gotten some “help” over the years. In the last couple of decades, the responsible parties rolled up their sleeves and removed something approaching 40 meters3 of earth from under the higher side of the structure. This had the effect of straightening it toward the vertical by about a foot and a half at the top. For the first time in its history, it is no longer moving. In addition, in the good-news corner of the paper is that it is open to the public again. In addition, the folks who lived near the tower in the direction it was leaning have returned to their homes and do not have to sleep with an eye and an ear open.

58. What does civil engineering mean?

They do many interesting things. Their job has to do a lot with design and construction. They can tell you what works and what will not for all sorts of situations. There is a lot of mathematics involved along with many other disciplines. They have to have a good solid understanding of how the environment works and how nature interacts with man made. They are probably best known for designing bridges, interstates, skyscrapers, canals, and so forth.

59. How long does it take concrete to harden?

It takes 28 days to cure.

60. What is the biggest dam in America?

The Grand Coulee Dam – Grand Coulee, Washington a) Length 5,223 ft b) Height 550 ft
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61. How does siphoning work?

Pretty good if the outside hose is a lot lower than the inside hose. The  siphon works by a hose stuck in a fluid container higher than the receiving container. Suction is shortly placed on the lower side of the hose until the fluid is flowing down the down line. Gravity will cause a continued flow.

62. Why was the Empire State Building made of steel?

Strength–Steel is very strong Flexibility–Ability to flex in the wind Cost–Inexpensive and fast to build; prefab construction Concrete, a possible alternative, has less compressive strength than steel. The bottom support structure of the empire state building would consist of a large percentage of solid concrete simply to support the weight of the building.

63. What is the quantity of cement in Mix M20 concrete?

For nominal Mix Cement consumption for M25 will be 570 kg per cum. and for Design Mix it can be optimized to 510 kg per cum.

64. What is unit weight of normal concrete?

145 PCF

65. What is the difference between shear and tensile strength?

Tensile Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force along it long axis. Shear Strength for a Bolt is determined by applying a Force across its diameter, as it would be loaded in a lug joint.

66. How many Pyramid in Egypt?

About 80

67. Would you cause a 55-gallon drum of water to weigh more by climbing in?

A person will sink in water if he is not holding enough air in his lungs to keep him floating. Therefore, the person weighs more than the amount of water that he will displace.

68. Who built the sears tower?

While he did not build the structure (he died in l959), there is some evidence the idea was suggested under a different name (Illinois Erexams.com Building) by Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the few true skyscrapers in which he had a role. The original design for the Illinois Building would have topped off at 5,280 Feet! The Swears tower is a quarter of this at most, but there are similarities.

 69. At what point does a circle start losing area when being flattened?

The area ratio decreases slowly at first then more rapidly. The area of an ellipse is A=pi x a X b, a and b are the 1/2 major and 1/2 minor axis. If a = r = b the area is A=pi X r2, which is a circle. Not hard to graph this but you will have to write the area of the ellipse in terms of the circumference.

70. How do you compute volume of airflow?
Orifice meter is used for measuring flow rate air.
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71. What is made from large rocks, which protects the base of cliffs?

Stacks

72. Why are the bolts that hold steel rails together in oval holes?

It has to do with the design of the bolts. The reason that head of the  bolt is oval. The head of a bolt fit flush into the bar and set in opposing sets is so that a piece of dragging equipment will not shear off all the bolts in a joint but rather the just the nuts one side. As a result, if the hole were not oval on one side there would be no way to tighten or loose the bolts in a joint.

73. Define What are the materials used in building a gravity dam?

There are many gravity dams constructed of compacted earth. High dams are generally concrete. All dams require a spillway to be safe. The spillway must be armored.

74. How many feet are in 4 square yards?

There are 9 square feet in a square yard therefore there are 36 square feet in 4 square yards.

75. What black man invented the clothes dryer?

George T. Sampson

76. What is the average density of soil?

For purposes of civil engineering, an average soil will have a density of Erexams.com about 100 to 110 pounds per cubic foot. (This can vary a little depending upon how well compacted the soil is.)

77. Define What glue is least sticky?

Elmer’s glue is least sticky.

78. What are the strongest shapes in building?

The pillars

79. Which architectural movement is also known as Jazz Moderna?

Art nouveau
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80. What is the withdrawal force of steel nails?

In engineering, the code-allowable withdrawal force is zero, because the wood expands and contracts over time and the nail pullout force can reduce to zero.

81. What is the strongest bridge for a school contest?

If you are making a spaghetti bridge, bunch it all together in a triangular prism or a big brick and just fill the gaps with paste.

82. What is the formula for figuring out how many gallons of water are in a pipe by the foot?

 0.61 * d2, where d is the diameter of the pipe in inches.

83. What is the tensile strength of marble?

Tensile Strength, Ultimate 7.00 – 20.0 Mpa 1020 – 2900 PSI this is the strength in a pure tension test. For bending use: Modulus of Rupture 0.00410 – 0.0276 Gpa 0.595 – 4.00 ksi

84. Did any of the Egyptian pyramids ever fall down?

Yes, many did. The great pyramid and others that have survived did so for a reason. Their shapes made them sturdier over time and were not the first design. Many steppe pyramids were built but were too steep and as the corners eroded, the whole pyramid fell under its own weight. They were built too steep and did not have the base structure as seen in the great pyramid.

85. Can a wave happen in the middle of the ocean like in the movie Poseidon 2006?

Yes. Rogue waves have been known to capsize ships.

86. What materials were used to build the Golden Gate Bridge?

Its materials were steel and concrete. 87. What is the density of most of construction materials?

If it floats it is less dense than water, 62.4 lbs/cubic ft. Wood is about 40 lbs/ cu.ft.–it floats. Concrete is 150 lbs. / cu.ft. — It does not float.

88. How and where are aqueducts built?

Aqueducts are built in areas where you have a bunch of motivated end users (like a town or group of farmers) at a low elevation in need of a more reliable source of water located somewhere fairly nearby at a higher elevation. The aqueduct builders construct a series of canals, elevated channels, and tunnels as required to get the water from the source to the end users. Some good examples:
1. Roman engineers built aqueducts throughout Italy and France from mountain water sources to serve city dwellers
2. Water-needy Southern California cities and farms are served by an aqueduct that brings them water from sources in Northern California
3. New York City is supplied by an aqueduct and tunnel system from sources upstate.
4. Inca farmers in coastal valleys built irrigation aqueducts from sources higher up in the Rockies
5. Native American cultures in Phoenix area built irrigation canal systems that diverted water from sources at higher elevations to irrigate their crops.

89. Define What does civil status mean?

Civil means like, when you do not get on with someone, but only talk when you have to. Alternatively, when you do talk you do not argue.  Alternatively, if you are with someone who is of your both friends and family, you do not ruin it for them.
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90. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lead products in construction?

Disadvantages: -Lead is very toxic; its use can result in pollution of the ground and more importantly of water supplies. This leads to the contamination of drinking water and can cause hazards to human health as well as disrupting entire ecosystems. Advantages: Because of its toxicity, lead is being bought less and less around the world, which of course results in the lowering of its cost. In addition, lead melts at a relatively low temperature, making it great for solder. However, recently the Chinese have show an interest in buying mass quantities to manufacture batteries made from a base of lead so the price of this metal may soon rise.

91. How do you measure water flowing through 300mm diameter pipes?

Same as in inches 3.14159265 and PSI have to be known.

92. Explain the various stages of the project planning process in construction. First stage could be Briefing and Inception.

93. How do you convert wind speed into force?

Therometer

94. What is kn measurement?

kn (both letters lowercase) is knots, which is a speed nautical miles per hour.

95. What are the advantages of building a dam on the river Nile?

It is the same as building a dam on any river. Dams are built to control flooding downstream during the wet season, generate power year round, and provide irrigation in the dry season.

96. How much does the leaning tower of Pisa lean?

About 14 feet

97. What is the best type of wood glue?

Noob

98. Define What are the uses of Groynes?

They prevent, or slow down erosion, and stop long shore drift. This, however, can have bad knock-on effects somewhere near.

99. What are the functions of a column in a building?

A column is used to support the weight of the roof and/or the upper floors. Now days, many columns are used for decorative purposes. A column along with load bearing beams can support a lot of weight.

100. Define What is an ice dam sock?

If you have never used a ice dam melting sock on your roof before, you will find that they provide an inexpensive method for removing roof ice dams and improving your home’s heating efficiency. Roof ice dams are an annoying source of roof damage, leaks, and heat loss in the winter. The main causes are drip melt from improperly capped warm air vent pipes and poor roof insulation. Laying a ice melt sock onto the roof so it crosses the ice dam and overhangs the gutter, will melt through the snow and ice and create a channel for water to flow down into the gutters or off the roof. If done properly those ice sickles that form as the snow melts from the edges of the gutters will never appear, they too are a cause of much damage and are dangerous to life and limb.

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Other Important Civil Engineering Questions Answers 

101. Define What happens to Load at yielding ?
102. What is Critical path in Ms-Project ?
103. where will be the reinforcement of slab placed when there is an inverted beam and the bottom of the beam and slab are at same level ?
104. What is passive earth pressure ?
105. Which condition will prevail for the design of a swimming pool ?
when th e pool is empty or when it is filled ?
106. What will be the effect of over reinforcement ?
107. What is Planning ?
108. What is the comprevsive strength of Brick ?
109. What is the water absorption of first class brick ?
110. Why we provide steel in Concrete ?

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111. Define Shear Force and in a structure subjected to gravity loads where will be the shear force ? 112. Which are the Steel tests ?
113. Which are the concrete Tests?
114. Initial & final setting time of concrete?
115. Brick strength is more or concrete block?
116. Why in pakistan Bricks are used so much?
117. In a cantilever ?where will the steel be provided and why?
118. What is Plinth Level and Sill Level?
119. How many bricks are there in 100cft?
120. 28 days compressive strength of concrete in PSI?

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121. What is slump Test?
122. How can u check the diameter of steel after the construction?
123. What is specific gravity?
124. How cracks in concrete can be avoided?
125. Types Of DPC and its Thickness used?
126. 28 Days Strength of Concrete (1:2:4)?
127. Strength of brick? 128. what is Brest Wall?
129. what is Brick crushing strength(PSI)?
130. what is Bearing Capacity,How to determine it?

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131. How much is the curing time period?
132. How many types of slabs are there & how to design it?
133. How many are the types of joints?
134. Why joints are provided?
135. How many bricks are there in 100cft?
136. Types Of DPC and its Thickness used?
137. How many bricks are there in 100 cft?
138. Which are the Steel tests ?
139. How much is the cover for slab?
140. What is packing Factor ?

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141. Forces in a Shear Wall are in plane or out of plane ?
142. What is fineness modulus ? and its sieve # ?
143. What is Base Shear ?
144. What is Time period of a building and its relation with frequency ?
145. There are two buildings one taller and one shorter whose time period will be grater and similarly the frequency ?
146. Workability ?
147.Sulphate Resisting Cement ?
148. Special thing in designing a overhead reservoir ? which is different from an ordinary design
149. Maximum %age of Steel in columns and beams ?
150.Types of foundation?
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Unit Weight of Materials Used at Construction Site

Unit Weight of Materials Used at Construction Site

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1- Water= 1000 Kg/ m3
2- Bricks (broken)= 1420 Kg/ m3
3- Bricks(common)= 1600 Kg/ m3
4- Cement(ordinary)= 1440 Kg/ m3
5- Cement (rapid hardening)= 1250 Kg/ m3
6-Cement Mortar= 2000 Kg/ m3
7- Cement Concrete (Plain)= 2400 Kg/ m3
8- Cement Concrete (Reinforced)= 2500 Kg/ m3
9- Glass= 2500 Kg/ m3
10- Lime Concrete= 1900 Kg/ m3
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11- Cement Plaster= 2000 Kg/ m3
12- Lime Plaster= 1700 Kg/ m3
13 Stones (Ballast)= 1720 Kg/ m3
14- Stones (Aggregates)= 1750 Kg/ m3
15- Stones (Basalt)= 2850 Kg/ m3
16- Stones (Granite)= 2450 Kg/ m3
17- Stones (Marble)= 2650 Kg/ m3
18- Timber (Oak, Sal)= 510 Kg/ m3
19- Timber (Mango)= 650 Kg/ m3
20- Timber (Teak)= 625 Kg/ m3
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21- Coal 600= Kg/ m3
22- Plastics= 1250 Kg/ m3
23- Oils= 800 Kg/ m3
24- Ashes= 650 Kg/ m3
25- Clinker= 750 Kg/ m3
26- Rubber= 1300 Kg/ m3
27- Slag= 1500 Kg/ m3
28- Clay Soil= 1900 Kg/ m3
29- Sand (dry)= 1540 to 1600 Kg/ m3
30- Sand (wet)= 1760 to 2000 Kg/ m3
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31- Steel= 7850 Kg/ m3
32- Chalk= 2100 Kg/ m3
33- Bitumen= 1040 Kg/ m3
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