Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot
Civil Engineering Sub-Disciplines
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1.Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to include techniques that allow erosion to claim land.
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2.Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers.
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3.Earthquake engineering is dedicated to reducing earthquake risk by advancing the practice of this science.
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4.Environmental engineering can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology and involves protecting the environment and human health.
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5.Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that supports civil engineering projects.
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6.Materials engineering and sciences deals with materials such as concrete, mix asphalt concrete, metals as well as paints and finishes.
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7.Municipal or urban engineering involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works, public parks and bicycle paths.
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8.Structural engineering is concerned with designing structures to be safe and serviceable for their users
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9.Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community.
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10.Water resources engineering is a discipline that combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management.
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Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
Width of carriageway
๐ฃ Single lane road:- 3.75 m
๐ฃ Double lane road without kerb:- 7 m
๐ฃ Double lane road with kerb:- 7.5 m
๐ฃ Intermediate lane:- 5.5 m
๐ฃ Multi-lane roads:- 3.5 m/lane
๐ฃ Min. Shoulder width:- 2.5 m
๐ฃ Max width of any vehicle:- 2.44 m
๐ฃ Min. Roadway width on single lane bridge:- 4.25 m๐๐๐๐๐ t.me/srk50
Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
Types of Admixtures Used In Concrete
Admixtures are natural or manufactured chemicals which are added to the concrete before or during mixing. The most often used admixtures are air-entraining agents, water reducers, water-reducing retarders and accelerators.
We'll discuss The Types of Concrete Admixtures in the following Posts.
Source; TheConstructor
1- Water Reducing Admixtures
Water reducing admixtures, the name itself defines that they are used to minimize the water demand in a concrete mix. Workability is the important property of concrete which is improved with the addition of water but if the water is added more than required the strength and durability properties of concrete gets affected.
In addition, to increase in workability it also improves the strength of concrete, good bond between concrete and steel, prevents cracking, segregation, honeycombing, bleeding etc. Water reducing admixtures are also called as plasticizers and these are classified into three types namely plasticizers, mid-range plasticizers and superplasticizers. Normal plasticizer reduces the water demand by up to 10%, mid-range plasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 15% while superplasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 30%.
2- Retarding Admixtures
Retarding admixtures
slow down the rate of hydration of cement in its initial stage and increase the initial setting time of concrete. These are also called as retarders and used especially in high-temperature zones where concrete will set quickly. The quick setting in some situations may lead to discontinuities in structure, the poor bond between the surfaces creates unnecessary voids in concrete etc. Retarders are useful to eliminate this type of problems. Commonly used retarding admixture is calcium sulphate or gypsum. Starch, cellulose products, common sugar, salts of acids are some other retarders. Most of the water-reducing admixtures are also acts as retarding admixtures and they are called as retarding plasticizers.
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Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
๐CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS
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*ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials
*Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
*C/C means Center to Center Distance
*DL means Development Length
*Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
*For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
*The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
*Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
*The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
*The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
*The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
*Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
*Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
*DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
*Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
*RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
*The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
*A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
*In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
*Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
*Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
*PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
*The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
*Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
*Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
*Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
*The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
*The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
*The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
*The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
*The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
*Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
*The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
*C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
*Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
*The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
*Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
*Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
*Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
*As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
*The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
*The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
*Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
*Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
*Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
*The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
*Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
*TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
*Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
*The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
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Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated
Daily current affairs
https://t.me/newsdailypkr
Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,๐๐๐
https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA
PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success
IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr
AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS
Electrical Engineering
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facebook page:-
Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot
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https://t.me/srk50
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