Building construction Brick masonry

 Building construction

Brick masonry

👉 Brick masonry is a unified mass obtained by systematic
arrangement of laying bricks and bonding together with mortar.

♦️ Types of brick bonds

👉 Stretcher bond : In this type of bond all the bricks are laid with their  lengths in the direction of the wall.

👉 Header bond : In this type of bond all the bricks are laid with their width  towards the face of the wall.

👉 English bond : In this type of bond alternate course of headers and  stretchers are laid

👉 Double Flemish bond : In this type, alternate heads and stretchers  are laid in each course

👉 Single Flemish bond : This type of bond is comprised of double  Flemish bond facing and English bond backing in each course.

👉 Garden wall bond : This type of bond is employed for the
construction of garden walls, compound walls, boundary walls etc.

👉 Facing bond : In this type of bond bricks of different thickness are  used in the facing and backing of the wall.

👉 Dutch bond : This is the modified form of English bond. The  corners of the wall provided with dutch bond are quite strong.

👉 Raking bond : In this type of bond alternate courses are placed in  different directions to get maximum strength in the wall.

👉 English cross bond : In this bond every  alternate stretcher course has a header placed next to the quolin  stretcher and rest of the details are similar to English bond
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Components of Project cost

 Components of Project cost


♦️ #Indirect cost :- Outage loss + Overheads

♦️ #Direct project cost :- These include labour cost, material cost, equipment cost etc.

♦️ #Normal time :- Normal time is the standard time that an estimator would usually allow for an activity.

♦️ #Crash time :- Crash time is the minimum possible time which an activity can be completed by employing extra resources

♦️ #Normal cost :- This is direct cost required to complete the activity in normal time duration.

♦️ #Crash cost :- This is direct cost corresponding to the completion of the activity within crash time.
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Building construction Formwork

Building construction

Formwork

🔸 Formwork is a temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structure, in which concrete is placed and in which it hardens and matures.

🔸 The cost of formwork may be up to 20℅ to 25℅ of the cost of structure

🔸 The operation removing the formwork is commonly known as stripping

♦️ Stripping time for different components

👉 Walls, columns and vertical sides of beam : 24 to 48hr

👉 Slab soffits (Props left under) : 3 days

👉 Beam soffits (props left under) : 7 days

👉 Removal of props to slab :

1. Spanning upto 4.5m : 7days

2. Spanning over 4.5m : 14days

👉 Removal of props to beam and arches :

1. Spanning upto 6m : 14days

2. Spanning over 6m : 21days

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Instrument used in surveying

 Instrument used in surveying👇

♦️ Clinometer:- measuring angles of slopes
♦️subtence bar:- measure horizontal distance
♦️Box sextant:- measuring horizontal angle
♦️Planimeter:- measuring area on map
♦️pentagraph:- enlarging or reducing area on map
♦️line Ranger:- ranging a chain line
♦️Hand level:- Making contour & Cross section of preliminary work
♦️Ceylon ghat tracer:- Measuring angles of slopes & setting out grade contours.

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Building construction

Building construction

Doors

🔸 A door may be defined as an openable barrier secured in a wall opening.

🔸 Technical Terms

1. Frame : It is an assembly of horizontal and vertical members, forming an enclosure, to which the shutters are fixed.

2. Shutters : These are the openable parts of a door or window. It is an assembly of styles, panels and rails.

3. Head : This is the top or uppermost horizontal part of a frame.

4. Sill : This is the lowermost or bottom horizontal part of a window frame. Sills are normally not provided in door frames.

5. Horn : These are the horizontal projections of the head and sill of a frame to facilitate the fixing of the frame on the wall opening. The length of horns is kept about 10 to 15 cm

6. Style : Style is the vertical outside member of the shutter of a door or window.

7. Top rail : This is the top most horizontal member of a shutter.

8. Lock rail : This is the middle horizontal member of a door shutter, to which locking arrangement is fixed.

9. Bottom rail : This is the lowermost horizontal member of a shutter.

10. Intermediate or cross-rails : These are additional horizontal rails, fixed between be top and bottom rails of a shutter. A rail fixed between the top rail and lock rail is called frieze rail.

11. Panel : This is the area of shutter enclosed between the adjacent rails.

12. Mullion : This is a vertical member of a frame, which is employed to sub-divide a Window or a door vertically.

13. Transom : This is a horizontal member of a frame, which is employed to sub divide a window opening horizontally.

14. Hold fasts : These are mild steel flats (section 30 mm x 6 mm), generally bent into Z-shape, to fix or hold the frame to the opening. The horizontal length of hold fast is kept about 20 cm, and is embedded in the masonry.

15. Jamb : This is the vertical wall face of an opening which supports the frame.

16. Reveal : It is the external jamb of a door or window opening at right angles to the wall face.

17. Rebate : It is depression or recess made inside the door frame, to receive the door shutter.

♦️ Size of doors

🔹 Common width height relation used in India

👉 Width :- 0.4 to 0.6 heights

👉 Height :- (width + 1.2 ) meter
🔸 Designation of door

👉 8DS20 means width (800mm), Height (2000mm), D (Door) & S (Single shutter)

👉 10DT21 means width (1000mm), Height (2100mm), D (Door) & T (Double shutter)

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Topic: #Railway_Engineering

 Topic: #Railway_Engineering

🎓 #Colour_Light_Signals: These are high intensity beam colour light signals, particulary used on electrified rail ways, both during day and night time.

🎓 #Coning_of_Wheels: The wheels are coned at a slope of  1 in 20 to prevent from rubbing the inside face of the the rail head and to prevent lateral movement of the axle with its wheels.  This is known as coning of wheels.

🎓 #Creep_of_Rails: Creep is the longitudinal movement of rails in a track. It occurs due to several reasons. The effect of creep tends to drag the track if ballast is insufficient to hold the rails.

🎓 #Crossing_Clearance: The clear distance between the wing rail and the crossing rail is known as crossing clearance.  This clearance is theoretically same as clearance at the throat but in practice it is slightly greater than at the throat.

🎓 #Crossing_Number: The number of crossing is defined as the ratio of spread (¡.e, distance between the point and splice rails at the leg of crossing, generally 30 cm.) to the length of crossing are designated by this numbe
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Topic: #Surveying #SPECIAL_METHODS_OF_SPIRIT_LEVELLING

 Topic: #Surveying


#SPECIAL_METHODS_OF_SPIRIT_LEVELLING

🎓 #Differential_levelling: it is the method of direct levelling the object of which is solely to determine the difference in elevation of two point regardless of the horizontal positions of the point with respect of each other. When the points are apart, it may be necessary to set up the instruments serveral times. This type of levelling is also known as fly levelling.

🎓 #Profile_levelling: It is the method of direct-levelling the object of which is to determine the elevations of point at measured intervals along a given line in order to obtain a profile of the surface along that line.

🎓 #Cross-sectioning: cross-sectioning or cross-levelling is the process of taking levels one each side of a main line at right angles to that line, in order to determine a vertical cross-section of the surface of the ground, or of underlying strata, or of both.

🎓 #Reciprocal_levelling: It is the method of levelling in which the difference in elevation between two points is accurately determined by two sets of reciprocal observations when it is not possible to set up the level between the two points.

🎓 #Precise_levelling: It is the levelling in which the degree of precision required is too great to be attained by ordinary methods, and in which, therefore, special equipment or special precautions or both are necessary to eliminate, as far as possible, all sources of error

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Following are the tests conducted to determine the suitability of stone for engineering use

 Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,

Following are the tests conducted to determine the suitability of stone for
engineering use

👉Acid Test: understand the presence of CACO3 in building stone.

👉Attrition Test:  Resisting power of stones against grinding action or wear and tear against the traffic.

👉Crushing Test:  Compressive strength of stones.

👉Impact Test: resistance of stones against sudden loading.

👉Smith's Test:  presence of soluble matter in stones.

👉Water Absorption Test:  To check how much water the stone may absorb.

👉Hardness Test:  To
 determinethe surface abrasion resistance of stone.

👉Microscopic Test:
To check grain size, texture, pores, shakes etc of stone.

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Civil Engineering Sub-Disciplines | Width of carriageway | Types of Admixtures Used In Concrete| CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS

 Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot
Civil Engineering Sub-Disciplines

⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️⚗️
1.Coastal engineering is concerned with managing coastal areas. The term coastal defense is the more traditional term, but coastal management has become more popular as the field has expanded to include techniques that allow erosion to claim land.
🏗🏭🏗🏭🏗🏭🏗🏭🏗🏭🏗🏭
2.Construction engineering involves planning and execution of the designs from transportation, site development, hydraulic, environmental, structural and geotechnical engineers.
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3.Earthquake engineering is dedicated to reducing earthquake risk by advancing the practice of this science.
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4.Environmental engineering can be involved with pollution reduction, green engineering, and industrial ecology and involves protecting the environment and human health.
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5.Geotechnical engineering is an area of civil engineering concerned with the rock and soil that supports civil engineering projects.
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6.Materials engineering and sciences deals with materials such as concrete, mix asphalt concrete, metals as well as paints and finishes.
🏚🌅🏜🏭🌄🏭🏜🏭🏜🏭🏜🏭
7.Municipal or urban engineering involves specifying, designing, constructing, and maintaining streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, municipal solid waste management and disposal, storage depots for various bulk materials used for maintenance and public works, public parks and bicycle paths.
⛩🚧🏗🏣🏤🏢🏗🏪🏚🏗🗼⛩
8.Structural engineering is concerned with designing structures to be safe and serviceable for their users
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9.Transportation engineering is concerned with moving people and goods efficiently, safely, and in a manner conducive to a vibrant community.
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10.Water resources engineering is a discipline that combines hydrology, environmental science, meteorology, geology, conservation, and resource management.

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Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
Width of carriageway

🛣 Single lane road:- 3.75 m

🛣 Double lane road without kerb:- 7 m

🛣 Double lane road with kerb:- 7.5 m

🛣 Intermediate lane:- 5.5 m

🛣 Multi-lane roads:- 3.5 m/lane

🛣 Min. Shoulder width:- 2.5 m

🛣 Max width of any vehicle:- 2.44 m

🛣 Min. Roadway width on single lane bridge:- 4.25 m👇👇👇👇👇 t.me/srk50

Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
Types of Admixtures Used In Concrete

Admixtures are natural or manufactured chemicals which are added to the concrete before or during mixing. The most often used admixtures are air-entraining agents, water reducers, water-reducing retarders and accelerators.
We'll discuss The Types of Concrete Admixtures in the following Posts.
Source; TheConstructor

1- Water Reducing Admixtures

Water reducing admixtures, the name itself defines that they are used to minimize the water demand in a concrete mix. Workability is the important property of concrete which is improved with the addition of water but if the water is added more than required the strength and durability properties of concrete gets affected.
In addition, to increase in workability it also improves the strength of concrete, good bond between concrete and steel, prevents cracking, segregation, honeycombing, bleeding etc. Water reducing admixtures are also called as plasticizers and these are classified into three types namely plasticizers, mid-range plasticizers and superplasticizers. Normal plasticizer reduces the water demand by up to 10%, mid-range plasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 15% while superplasticizers reduce the water demand by up to 30%.

2- Retarding Admixtures
Retarding admixtures

 slow down the rate of hydration of cement in its initial stage and increase the initial setting time of concrete. These are also called as retarders and used especially in high-temperature zones where concrete will set quickly.  The quick setting in some situations may lead to discontinuities in structure, the poor bond between the surfaces creates unnecessary voids in concrete etc. Retarders are useful to eliminate this type of problems. Commonly used retarding admixture is calcium sulphate or gypsum. Starch, cellulose products, common sugar, salts of acids are some other retarders. Most of the water-reducing admixtures are also acts as retarding admixtures and they are called as retarding plasticizers.
t.me/srk50

Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot,
👉CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS
.
*ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials
*Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
*C/C means Center to Center Distance
*DL means Development Length
*Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
*For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
*The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
*Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
*The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
*The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
*The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
*Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
*Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
*DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
*Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
*RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
*The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
*A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
*In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
*Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
*Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
*PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
*The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
*Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
*Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
*Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
*The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
*The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
*The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
*The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
*The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
*Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
*The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
*C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
*Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
*The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
*Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
*Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
*Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
*As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
*The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
*The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
*Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
*Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
*Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
*The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
*Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
*TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
*Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
*The length of each bar from factory is 12m.
t.me/srk50

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CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS

 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TIPS
.
*ASTM Abbrevation : American Society for Testing Materials
*Grade of Concrete is denoted as Cement: Sand: Aggregate (Ex C-20 Grade : 1:2:3)
*C/C means Center to Center Distance
*DL means Development Length
*Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of bar is more than 36mm.
*For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used and 4 for Rectangular.
*The minimum thickness of slab is 0.125m
*Water pH value less than 6 should not be used for construction purpose.
*The concrete Should not be thrown from a height more than 1.5m.
*The Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N /mm
*The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10hours.
*Dead Load means Self weight of Structure
*Sand having moisture content more than 5% should not be used for Concrete mix.
*DPC means Damp Proof Course. The thickness of DPC should not be less than 2.5cm.
*Cube test is carried out for each 30m usage of concrete.
*RMC : Ready Mix concrete, The concrete is made at factory and transported to the site, This type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
*The height of floor is usually 3m or 10ft (If a person asks you whats the height of 12 storied building?
Ans: 3m x 12floors = 36m)
*A head mason can work 25-30m in a day.
*In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man Hours. (Ex: 10 Birr for 1 Man hour)
*Cantilever Beam has One fixed support and the other end is free.
*Simple supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
*PCC (Plain Cement Concrete) this type of concrete is used on members only when the tensile forces are not acting on it.
*The weight of first class clay brick should be 3.85 Kg. and it has a crushing
strength of 10.5MN/m
*Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to form
the Cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
*Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubbles in concrete mix.
*Impermeability of concrete: The concrete which resists the the entry of water or moisture into it.
*The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using Concrete
Pumps.
*The curing Period of RCC is 28days .
*The minimum sill level height should be
44 inches.
*The transverse reinforcement provided in columns are called Ties .
*The transverse reinforcement provided in
Beams is called as Stirrups .
*Stirrups in Beams and Ties in Column are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
*The Prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
The thermal expansion
coefficient of concrete and steel is (approximately) same having value
*C-25 grade of concrete is generally used in the construction of slab.
*Weight of Bar is calculated using formula D /162 (D = Dia of bar in mm)
*The No. of HCB required for 1 metr square of masonary wall are 13 HCB blocks.
*Specific gravity of Cement is 3.16g/ cm ; Bricks is 2g/cm ; Sand is 2.65g/cm ,
*Standard Size of Brick is 19cm x 9cm x 4 cm or 19cm or 9cm x 9 cm
*Floor area occupied by 50kg of Cement bag is 0.3m and height of 0.18m.
*As per EBCS Maximum dia of bar used in the slab should not exceed 1/8th of the total thickness of the slab.
*The slope or Pitch of the stair should be in between 25 degrees to 40 degrees.
*The rise in stairs is in between 150mm to 200mm.
*Tread in staircase is in between 250mm to 300mm.
*Hook length should not be less than 9D (Dia of Bar)
*Unit weight of PCC is 24KN/m , RCC is 25 KN/m , Steel is 7850Kg/m
*The volume of 50kg cement bag is
1.3CFT.
*Theodolite least count is 20Secs whereas Compass Least count is 30mins .
*TMT bars : TMT means Thermo Mechanically treated bars
*Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction
*The length of each bar from factory is 12m

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg RRB JE, SSC AE/JE UPSSSC JE, SSC JE, CIVIL ENGINEERING MCQs, ELECTICAL ENGINEERING MCQs, preavious year quesion papers, dmrc, lmrc, drdo,rrb ntpc, ntpc, pgcil, dsssb, states board, GATE IES EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,👇👇👇 https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,👇👇👇 https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA