DC Machines
Conversion of one form of energy into another enables us to use natural power
sources as well as manufactured power sources to produce our electrical power
supply. Although electricity can be produced by friction, pressure, heat, light,
chemical action and magnetism, the most common method used by large power
producers is magnetism.
• What is Electric Generator?
Electric generators are called a dynamo that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. A dynamo consists of two basic parts- the stationary part and the
rotating part.
• How electromotive force is created in a generator?
When a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of forces, an Electro motive force (emf) is
generated.
The magnitude of the generated voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change
at which a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force.
• What is DC motor?
An electric motor converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy.
• How many types of DC motors are there?
DC shunt motor: shunt motor speed varies slightly from no load to full load.
DC series motor: series motor speed varies greatly as load changes.
DC compound motor: the compound motor contains both a shunt field and a series
field and therefore has characteristics between the shunt and the series motors. This
motor has the good starting torque characteristics provided by the series field, while
the shunt field provides for a relatively constant speed.
Maintenance & Troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting is a field if repair work that usually tells how well the student
has learned the lessons. The principles involved in control functions, components
and circuit analysis, along with the basic laws of electricity.
• Your best tool when troubleshooting is your ability of think. Don't jump to
conclusions. Have confidence in your ability. Learn how the equipment in your
area is supposed to operate both electrically and mechanically.
• Observe all plant rules and regulations. Electricity can be dangerous. In addition
to the hazards of electrical shock and electrocution, burns from an electrical flash
can be devastating. Be careful when opening the circuit. The inductive kick that
can occur when a circuit opens produces a voltage that is many times the voltage
applied to the system.
• No matter how complex or expensive an electrical control system is, the
components of the system begin to deteriorate as soon as they are installed and
failure of some components in the system will ultimately result.
• Blown fuses, overload contacts, open contacts, short circuits, burned out coils and
grounds are responsible for most electrical circuit failures.
• Troubleshooting can be generalized in 3 steps:
1) Determine the symptoms; that is, find out how it acts. (When equipment is
operating properly, you should find out how it is supposed to function.)
2) Decide by logical reasoning what might be wrong. (Try to isolate the problem
to a section of the control.)
3) Determine what has to be done to correct the problem.
• If we are troubleshooting an existing circuit, one that has been in service and
operated properly, we can eliminate the possibility of fault installations or design.
• The first step- determine the symptoms- can best be accomplished by working
with the machine operator and following the machine through its sequence to the
point of failure.
• Remember that no matter how complex, control circuit are made up of only two
things. Contacts that open and close a circuit and coils that operate the contacts,
keeping in mind the control voltage.
• Probably the single most important rule in trouble shooting is to remember to
change only one thing at a time.
• Remember the operator knows the machine operation and can be an asset to you
in your troubleshooting. Question the operator but don't challenge his operating
ability.
• Anyone attempting to troubleshoot without a drawing and a meter is wasting the
time.
• Instead of random checking the circuit; start from the source to the machine or
from the machine to the source.
• Finally take time to think.
Radiation Protection
Fission reaction
92U235
0n1
54Xe144 + 38Sr90 + neutron + radiation + Energy
Tritium formation
1H2
0n1
1H3
1 Seivert = 100 Rem
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 20 mSev or 2 Rem for Employees.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 5 mSev or 1.5 Rem for Contractor.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 mSev or 100 mRem for Public.
5 Years = 100 mSev or 10 Rem
DAC (Derived Air concentration)
>10 DAC use tritium bottles
10-15 DAC use airline
>50 DAC use ventilated plastic suite (VP suite)
1 DAC for 1 hour = 0.01 mSev or 1 mRem.
• Why no entry for Moderator room & Pump room during operating condition?
Due to the presence of N16 & O17, which are high gamma emitter, their field is
around 7 mev.
• What are the gases discharged to the stack?
Argon-41, Tritium, fission products, noble gases & Iodine particulates.
• What are the emergencies provided in the plant?
Plant Emergency: Excessive release of radioactive material or high radiation fields in
a section of the plant
Site Emergency: Uncontrolled release of radioactive material or high radiation fields
with in the site boundary
Off- Site Emergency: High release of radioactive material from the plant resulting in
significantly increased radiation fields and/or contamination levels extending to
areas outside the site
Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ): Emergency planning zone, defined around the
plant up to 16 km, provides a basic geographic frame work for decision making
on implementing measures as part of a graded response in the event of an
emergency. The area around the Kaiga generating station is divided into the
following Zones up to 16 km radius.
Exclusion Zone: The exclusion Zone extends up to a distance of 1.6 km around the
central plant zone of 0.7 km where no public habitation is permitted. This zone is
physically isolated from out side areas by plant fencing and is under the control of
Kaiga Generating Station.
Sterilised Zone: Sterilised zone is an area where no new growth of population is
permitted. Natural growth is however allowed in this Zone. This are extends up to
a radius of 5 km from the central plant Zone. This Zone is defined to restrict the
population to an easily transportable number in case of an emergency.
Primary Zone: The primary Zone extends up to 8 km from central part Zone where
protective measures like evacuation and sheltering are required against possible
plume exposures during an Emergency.
Secondary Zone: The secondary Zone extends up to 16 km from central plant Zone
protective measures like sheltering control on food stuff are required against
possible exposure from ingestion of radioactivity.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg RRB JE, SSC AE/JE UPSSSC JE, SSC JE, CIVIL ENGINEERING MCQs, ELECTICAL ENGINEERING MCQs, preavious year quesion papers, dmrc, lmrc, drdo,rrb ntpc, ntpc, pgcil, dsssb, states board, GATE IES EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,๐๐๐ https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,๐๐๐ https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA
Conversion of one form of energy into another enables us to use natural power
sources as well as manufactured power sources to produce our electrical power
supply. Although electricity can be produced by friction, pressure, heat, light,
chemical action and magnetism, the most common method used by large power
producers is magnetism.
• What is Electric Generator?
Electric generators are called a dynamo that converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. A dynamo consists of two basic parts- the stationary part and the
rotating part.
• How electromotive force is created in a generator?
When a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of forces, an Electro motive force (emf) is
generated.
The magnitude of the generated voltage is directly proportional to the rate of change
at which a conductor cuts the magnetic lines of force.
• What is DC motor?
An electric motor converts electrical energy in to mechanical energy.
• How many types of DC motors are there?
DC shunt motor: shunt motor speed varies slightly from no load to full load.
DC series motor: series motor speed varies greatly as load changes.
DC compound motor: the compound motor contains both a shunt field and a series
field and therefore has characteristics between the shunt and the series motors. This
motor has the good starting torque characteristics provided by the series field, while
the shunt field provides for a relatively constant speed.
Maintenance & Troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting is a field if repair work that usually tells how well the student
has learned the lessons. The principles involved in control functions, components
and circuit analysis, along with the basic laws of electricity.
• Your best tool when troubleshooting is your ability of think. Don't jump to
conclusions. Have confidence in your ability. Learn how the equipment in your
area is supposed to operate both electrically and mechanically.
• Observe all plant rules and regulations. Electricity can be dangerous. In addition
to the hazards of electrical shock and electrocution, burns from an electrical flash
can be devastating. Be careful when opening the circuit. The inductive kick that
can occur when a circuit opens produces a voltage that is many times the voltage
applied to the system.
• No matter how complex or expensive an electrical control system is, the
components of the system begin to deteriorate as soon as they are installed and
failure of some components in the system will ultimately result.
• Blown fuses, overload contacts, open contacts, short circuits, burned out coils and
grounds are responsible for most electrical circuit failures.
• Troubleshooting can be generalized in 3 steps:
1) Determine the symptoms; that is, find out how it acts. (When equipment is
operating properly, you should find out how it is supposed to function.)
2) Decide by logical reasoning what might be wrong. (Try to isolate the problem
to a section of the control.)
3) Determine what has to be done to correct the problem.
• If we are troubleshooting an existing circuit, one that has been in service and
operated properly, we can eliminate the possibility of fault installations or design.
• The first step- determine the symptoms- can best be accomplished by working
with the machine operator and following the machine through its sequence to the
point of failure.
• Remember that no matter how complex, control circuit are made up of only two
things. Contacts that open and close a circuit and coils that operate the contacts,
keeping in mind the control voltage.
• Probably the single most important rule in trouble shooting is to remember to
change only one thing at a time.
• Remember the operator knows the machine operation and can be an asset to you
in your troubleshooting. Question the operator but don't challenge his operating
ability.
• Anyone attempting to troubleshoot without a drawing and a meter is wasting the
time.
• Instead of random checking the circuit; start from the source to the machine or
from the machine to the source.
• Finally take time to think.
Radiation Protection
Fission reaction
92U235
0n1
54Xe144 + 38Sr90 + neutron + radiation + Energy
Tritium formation
1H2
0n1
1H3
1 Seivert = 100 Rem
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 20 mSev or 2 Rem for Employees.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 5 mSev or 1.5 Rem for Contractor.
Annual Dose Limit (ADL) = 1 mSev or 100 mRem for Public.
5 Years = 100 mSev or 10 Rem
DAC (Derived Air concentration)
>10 DAC use tritium bottles
10-15 DAC use airline
>50 DAC use ventilated plastic suite (VP suite)
1 DAC for 1 hour = 0.01 mSev or 1 mRem.
• Why no entry for Moderator room & Pump room during operating condition?
Due to the presence of N16 & O17, which are high gamma emitter, their field is
around 7 mev.
• What are the gases discharged to the stack?
Argon-41, Tritium, fission products, noble gases & Iodine particulates.
• What are the emergencies provided in the plant?
Plant Emergency: Excessive release of radioactive material or high radiation fields in
a section of the plant
Site Emergency: Uncontrolled release of radioactive material or high radiation fields
with in the site boundary
Off- Site Emergency: High release of radioactive material from the plant resulting in
significantly increased radiation fields and/or contamination levels extending to
areas outside the site
Emergency Planning Zones (EPZ): Emergency planning zone, defined around the
plant up to 16 km, provides a basic geographic frame work for decision making
on implementing measures as part of a graded response in the event of an
emergency. The area around the Kaiga generating station is divided into the
following Zones up to 16 km radius.
Exclusion Zone: The exclusion Zone extends up to a distance of 1.6 km around the
central plant zone of 0.7 km where no public habitation is permitted. This zone is
physically isolated from out side areas by plant fencing and is under the control of
Kaiga Generating Station.
Sterilised Zone: Sterilised zone is an area where no new growth of population is
permitted. Natural growth is however allowed in this Zone. This are extends up to
a radius of 5 km from the central plant Zone. This Zone is defined to restrict the
population to an easily transportable number in case of an emergency.
Primary Zone: The primary Zone extends up to 8 km from central part Zone where
protective measures like evacuation and sheltering are required against possible
plume exposures during an Emergency.
Secondary Zone: The secondary Zone extends up to 16 km from central plant Zone
protective measures like sheltering control on food stuff are required against
possible exposure from ingestion of radioactivity.
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4_D50vMu1wbQrPaLFYo6Eg RRB JE, SSC AE/JE UPSSSC JE, SSC JE, CIVIL ENGINEERING MCQs, ELECTICAL ENGINEERING MCQs, preavious year quesion papers, dmrc, lmrc, drdo,rrb ntpc, ntpc, pgcil, dsssb, states board, GATE IES EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,๐๐๐ https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot Daily news & current affairs in hindi & english fully updated Daily current affairs https://t.me/newsdailypkr Engineering Discussion group for your upcoming exams, you can ask your any query regarding your problem,๐๐๐ https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING I am sure this is the best place for you guys subscribe and get success IF YOU WANT TO JOIN ME ON TELEGRAM FOR PDF @newsdailypkr AE/JE EE, ESE, ECE, ME, CE, IT & CS EXAM MATERIALS & OLD PAPERS Electrical Engineering https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot facebook page:- Pravendra Kumar Rajpoot https://t.me/newsdailypkr https://chat.whatsapp.com/5AS7dNFTP4H4vVsiWsqHrT https://t.me/srk50 https://t.me/pravendrarajpoot https://t.me/joinchat/JObxeA7n6S4qvnegrGhTgA
No comments:
Post a Comment