Instrumentation fundamentals Questions & Answers

Instrumentation fundamentals


1. What are the classifications of industrial instrumentation?

a. Information gathering instrumentation.
b. Regulating instrumentation.
c. Protective instrumentation.

2. What are the units of pressure?

Pounds / inch2 and kg / cm2.

3. What is the use of BAROMETER?

Barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.

4. What are the methods used to measure the flow?

Mechanical (float) type and ultrasonic type methods are used to measure the flow.

5. What is the equivalent of atmospheric pressure?

One atmospheric pressure is equal to 10 meters of water column or 760 mm of
mercury.

6. What method is used to measure the level?

Bubbler method is used to measure the level.

7. State some elements of pressure measurement.

Manometer, Diaphragm gauges, Bellows, Strain gauges etc.

8. State some elements of flow measurement.

Orifice, Venturi tubes, flowrator (rotameter) etc.

9. State some thermocouple.

Copper – constantan, Iron – constantan.

10. What is the purpose of instruments?

The purpose of instruments is to measure, safeguard the process for efficient plant
operation.
Instruments are very accurate and fast acting. This accuracy and speed is not possible
by human. Also in some places there may be too much heat for man to work or some
where there may high radiation field. In such cases instruments provide remote
operation.

11. What is primary element and what should be its response?

Primary element is one, which senses the condition of process, and converts it to
some other form, which can be measured accurately. Example in a bourden gauge
the pressure if changed to the uncoiling (displacement), which can be measured.
The response of primary element is that it should convert the condition in to some
other form, which can be interpreted and measured easily.

12. Name some process variables, which are appropriate for our plant with examples.

Process variables with examples, which are appropriate to our plant, are
a. Flow – flow of D2O in PHT system.

b. Temperature – temperature of coolant in PHT system.
c. Level – moderator level.
d. Speed – speed of turbine.
e. Voltage – voltage generated by main generator.
f. Neutron flux – number of neutrons produced in reactor during operation.
g. pH – pH of moderator.

13. What is use of 2/3 logic in our plant?

All our protection instruments (system) are triplicated to have following uses.
a. To increase system integrity.
b. To decrease faulty trips.
c. Maintenance can be done on one protective instrument without shutting down the
whole system.
We don’t want our plant (reactor) to trip just because one instrument failed. So we
have triplication (2/3 logics) in protection instruments. The trip signal will pass if
only two out of three switches operate. Of only one operates there will be no trip.
This logic is used to trip the reactor in our plant.

14. What is resistance temperature detector (RTD) and mention some examples?

Resistance temperature detector is an instrument, which is used to measure
temperature. This uses the property that the resistance of a metal changes (increases
of decreases) with temperature. This is very accurate. These will be a wire, which
will senses the temperature and changes its resistance as the temperature changes.
This varying in resistances if measures by an external electronic or electrical circuit
calibrated to measure temperature.
Different types of RTD’s are Platinum, copper, nickel.

15. What is recorder and how it is useful to our plant?

Recorder is an instrument, which gives instantaneous values as well as records the
values.
Recorder can show us where a fault has occurred if reactor trips. It also gives us past
information recorded in it. It saves human effort because an operator cannot sit and
record the information required and it is very difficult task to an operator.


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