CHAPTER VIII
BREAKDOWNS
I. GENERAL
20800 Knowledge of Rules
All Officers and Supervisors of the Traction Branch should be fully conversant with the "Rules for Reporting Accidents" and other instructions in force for dealing with accidents and breakdowns. The instructions given in the following paragraphs are to be treated as supplementary instructions applicable specifically to traction installations; they should not be taken as nullifying or contradicting the instructions contained in other official manuals.
Electrical accidents are dealt with in the Volume I.
20801 Types of Breakdowns
The types of break-downs pertaining to electric traction can be broadly divided into the following categories:-
1. Sub-stations and switching stations
2. Remote control equipment and cables
3. OHE feeder lines and transmission lines
20802 Breakdown Gangs
Accidents and breakdowns involving traction installations and electric rolling-stock should normally be attended to by the maintenance gangs themselves. It is, however, essential that adequate number of experienced traction staff should be selected and housed in railway quarters close to traction installations, so that their services can be utilized at short notice for dealing with breakdowns and accidents whenever required.
In electrified suburban sections, however, 'breakdown gangs' of adequate strength may be located at selected points to deal promptly with OHE failures, particularly during the hours of peak traffic.
20803 Emergency Stores and Breakdown Equipment
1. For each OHE depot/sub-depot, the actual quantity of OHE stores like masts, conductors, insulators, fittings etc. which should be earmarked specially for use in breakdowns will be laid down by Sr.DEE (TrD). To start with, all materials required for 3 kilometres of single line may be kept. Based on experience, the minimum and maximum quantities may be. revised from time to time. An inventory of such OHE stores should be maintained by the supervisor-in-charge of the depot/sub-depot and stocks recouped periodically so as to ensure that the minimum quantity is always available. During periodic inspections by officers, scrutiny of this inventory should be one of the important items in order that the required stores are always made available.
2. OHE Inspection Cars, wiring trains, breakdown lorries and all break-down tools, tackles, straining screws, clamps, ladders etc. shall be maintained in good condition and kept ready for use at all times. Though it will be the primary responsibility of the supervisor in-charge of the OHE depot/sub-depot to ensure that all breakdown equipment is in good working order, supervisors and officers at all levels should specially check their condition during their periodical inspections. A periodic review should also be made regarding the adequacy of such spares and tools.
3. The CTFO (PSI) and CTFO (RC) should also have in their custody spares and tools pertaining to their work as per scale to be laid down by Sr.DEE (TrD) for dealing with breakdowns and accidents.
20804 Record of Staff Movements
TPC should, even when everything is normal, keep a continuous record of the movements of maintenance gangs so that he can contact the gangs immediately whenever required to attend to any emergency. All senior supervisors and officers of the Traction Distribution Branch should also keep the TPC informed of their movements. These instructions also apply to off-duty hours for officers, senior supervisors and key personnel.
20805 Summoning of Emergency Staff
To enable the TPC to summon staff as required, a register showing the residential addresses of specified staff of the Traction Distribution branch, particularly those residing in railway quarters or close to railway stations, should be maintained station-wise by TPC. The list of office and residential telephone numbers of officers and supervisors should also be kept up-to-date by him for ready reference. In view of the importance of communication facilities in an emergency every telephone should be tested at least once a month. II. SUB-STATION AND SWITCHING STATION BREAK-DOWNS 20806 Traction Transformer Breakdowns
Breakdown of any one traction transformer or associated circuit breaker at a traction sub-station (whether owned by the Supply Authority or the Railway) should not normally affect the working since 100% stand-by is available for the transformer at nearly all sub-stations.
20807 Central Repair Shop
Failure of traction transformers, requiring the lifting of core and winding are extremely rare. However, repair and overhaul facilities should be provided at a central point on each railway. At each Central Repair Shop, the following facilities are generally required (Reference may also be made to the Appendix VI to this Volume):
1. A crane bay with the railway line leading into it, so that the traction transformer may be brought in directly into it. The crane hook should be high enough to permit unloading of the transformer from the wagons and placing on the floor, and also for lifting the core out of the transformer tank.
2. Two underground transformer oil storage tanks, one for old oil and one for new oil.
3. A 2500 litre/hour, electrically driven oil purification plant with pumps and interconnecting pipes and valves to empty old oil from transformers, to fill-in new, purified oil into the transformers, to dry out the oil in the transformers etc., as required.
4. An enclosure with oil testing set to test dielectric strength of oil.
5. A small workshop with a few essential machines to carry out urgent repair work.
6. A test-room and laboratory fully equipped with testing equipment for carrying out repair, calibration and testing of all types of relays and instruments used on the traction system.
20808 Mobile Power Van
A mobile power van should also be provided on each railway which has to maintain traction transformers. On this the following equipment should be provided:
1. An engine-generator set rated to deliver 100 kVA at 415 ac 50 Hz, 3-phase 4-wire along with necessary oil storage tanks.
2. A 2500 litres/hour electrically driven oil purification plant.
3. A small mobile workshop to attend to urgent on-the-spot repair work, comprising a motor driven drilling machine, grinding machine, a power driven hacksaw, a welding machine and oxy-acetylene flame cutting equipment.
4. Portable flood-lights with trailing cables to light up accident sites to facilitate repair work.
The mobile van can be used for purifying transformer oil of traction transformers in situ when required, eliminating the need for bringing the transformers to the Central Repair Shop. At stations where no 3-phase, 415 V supply is available from a nearby source, the engine set is operated to meet the heater load of the oil purification plant and also to drive the motors. The mobile van would also be useful to flood-light an area such as when there is an extensive OHE breakdown.
20809 Breakdown of Circuit Breakers, Interruptors
If a circuit breaker or interrupter requires major repairs, it should be brought to the PSI maintenance depot after replacing it by a spare one.
20810 Rail and Road Access
Every traction sub-station should have all-weather road access in addition to rail access for transporting heavy equipment to and from the installations. For switching stations too, road access should be provided wherever possible. Suitable fittings and tackle should be available to move an interruptor or circuit breaker from the PSI maintenance depot on a motor trolley or OHE Inspection Car and unload it by the side of any switching station and take it in. A suitable platform and a firm pathway leading to the gate should be available and maintained well. III. BREAKDOWNS OF REMOTE CONTROL EQUIPMENT 20811 Procedure for Manning Sub-Stations And Switching Stations
1. Whenever Remote Control working is not possible due to any fault on the P & T cable or in the remote control equipment concerned or failure of the battery etc. CTFO (RC) or TPC shall suspend remote control operation of the particular section or switching station concerned until the defect is rectified. During this period it is necessary to arrange for manning the switching stations by posting suitably qualified staff, who are authorized to carry out emergency switching operations manually as instructed by TPC. Such staff will be referred to as 'Operator' in the following paragraphs. To meet such emergencies. TPC shall maintain a register of authorized operators, who have been trained, examined and declared by AEE (TrD) as competent.
2. Whenever an operator is placed on duty at a switching post when the remote control equipment is not functioning due to any reason, the following instructions shall be adhered to:—
(a) Before taking over his duty, the Operator shall make himself conversant with the equipment he is required to operate and the rules that are laid down by the Administration for operation of the equipment.
(b) He shall carry out orders issued to him by TPC over the telephone, observing the rules laid down for exchange of telephone messages.
(c) He shall maintain a log book showing the details of operations carried out by him in the order in which they were done, interruption to power supply, abnormal occurrences, defects in plant requiring attention, and other information if any. The log will be signed by both the relieving and relieved Operators dl every change of shift as a token of having taken over and handed over all equipment correctly.
(d) The Operator shall be responsible for all the plant and equipment, spare parts, stores and furniture (at the sub-station or switching station) during his shift.
(e) Whenever a switching station is manned, the Operators shall work in accordance with the duty rosters exhibited. The regulation of the shifts shall be effected by TPC.
(f) The Operator on shift duty is forbidden to leave the post station unless he is relieved by an authorised person. No interchange of duties or variation of duty hours is permitted without the prior permission of TPC, and staff who are unable from any cause to take their shift, shall at once notify TPC.
(g) Whenever an Operator is posted at a switching station or sub-station he shall always be accompanied by another person e.g., a Khalasi, who can use the telephone intelligently.
20812 Restoration of Remote Control
CTFO (RC) shall arrange for expeditious rectification of the defect and restoration of remote control. It is undesirable to continue any controlled post on local control for prolonged periods.
20813 Breakdown of Tele-Communication Between TPC and Sub-Stations, Switching Stations etc.
If the TPC circuit becomes defective for any reason, several alternative channels of telecommunication are available. Should the P&T cable itself break-down all circuits through it may be inoperative. In such cases, essential messages may be passed through the P&T telephones, railway local telephones network, railway wireless network or microwave network Urgent messages from TPC to traction sub-stations could also be passed through the Operators of grid sub-stations.
Close co-ordination should be maintained between the officials of the Traction Distribution Branch, S&T branch and DOT authorities to ensure quick restoration of normal communication facilities. IV. OHE BREAKDOWNS 20814 Importance of Expeditious Repairs
Every breakdown of OHE, even if minor in nature, should be attended to urgently as it generally interferes with traffic. Since electrified lines carry a high density of traffic, the effect on traffic will be quite severe if restoration is not arranged expeditiously.
20815 Types of OHE Breakdowns
The common types of OHE breakdowns are as under—
1. Uprooting of or damage to OHE masts on account of cyclone, derailments etc.,
2. Entanglement of pantographs with the OHE,
3. Snapping of OHE conductors,
4. Flash-over or other damage to insulators,
5. Faults on account of stray wires etc.,
6. Theft of OHE conductors.
20816 Look-out for OHE Defects
The engine crew of all trains should keep a sharp look-out and report to the TPC from the nearest station any defects noticed by them in the OHE.
All break-downs or defects in OHE which are likely to affect the train services, noticed by any Railway servant, shall be reported immediately to TPC. If TPC cannot be contacted, the nearest Station Master or Cabin Assistant Station Master shall be advised. The SM/CASM to whom such breakdowns or defects are reported shall convey the information immediately to TPC through the control or other available telephone. The person reporting a breakdown to TPC should give as detailed information as possible on the nature of the breakdown, its location, if masts have been uprooted or both lines in a double track section have been affected etc.
The person conveying the information to TPC should not leave the vicinity of the telephone without TPC's permission, as the latter may want to contact him again to elicit further information.
20817 Action to be taken by TPC
If required, TPC shall direct the nearest available Electrical Department official to proceed to site to obtain full details. Simultaneously the TPC should switch off power supply to the affected lines and inform the Section Controller.
Though initially power may have to be switched off over a whole sub-sector, the faulty elementary section should be identified and isolated as quickly as possible so that power supply may be restored to the healthy sections and. normal train operation resumed.
Further, it should be possible in many cases to block the lines for electric locos and EMUs only, permitting movement of steam and diesel trains. It may also be possible to move electric locos and EMUs at restricted speed or to coast through the affected section with pantographs lowered if the damage is only slight. It is for TPC to decide after careful study of information available from the site and in consultation with traffic officials the extent of restriction to be imposed on traffic.
20818 Protective Steps
1. On receipt of information about OHE break-down, the SM/Section Controller shall also take such steps as deemed necessary to regulate traffic on the affected lines and issue caution order where required. Single line working may be introduced, if feasible.
2. It is the duty of every railway servant who notices hanging OHE conductors to take immediate preventive steps to ensure that no person comes into contact with them treating such conductors as live until an authorized person from OHE section arrives at site and makes the OHE dead and earth it.
20819 Breakdown Staff
1. On receipt of the first report about the breakdown, TPC shall direct the nearest OHE maintenance gang to proceed to site immediately with available breakdown vehicles for dispatch of staff without waiting for full details of the breakdown.
2. A quick assessment should be made on the basis of information available and where necessary one or more gangs from both sides of the site may be asked to proceed to the site. If the accident spot cannot be reached by rail-borne vehicles on account of the line being blocked by other trains, road vehicles equipped with emergency stores, tools and staff may be directed to the site. In sub-urban sections with large number of roads running along side the track, this method may help in tackling the repairs much more quickly.
3. If the OHE Inspection Car or wiring train is required to attend to the break-down, the Section Controller, on request from TPC shall arrange for quick passage of the OHE Inspection Car or wiring train to the site of the accident.
20820 Officers and supevisors to Proceed to Site
On receipt of information about an OHE break-down the ATFO(OHE), CTFO (OHE), DEE/AEE(7rD) shall proceed by quickest available means to the scene of accident. The Sr.DEEfTrD) should also proceed to the site if the circumstances of the case require his personal supervision and direction. In the event of a major break-down likely to result in interruption of traffic for more than 12 h, CEDE should also proceed to the site for supervising restoration.
20821 Assistance to be Sought
1. It should be remembered that restoration of traffic in the event of accident or breakdown is the responsibility of the Division as a whole. The Electrical Department Officer in-charge of the restoration work should, wherever required, ask for assistance from the Engineering, Traffic or other Officers as necessary. He should also keep the DRM fully posted with arrangements made and the expected time of restoration.
2. When circumstances warrant, the assistance of OHE gangs of another contiguous Division may be sought for by contacting AEE(TrD) or Sr.DEE/DEE(TrD) of the Division concerned. The Officers who receive such requests from neighboring divisions should treat the matter as of utmost importance and render all possible assistance.
20822 Continuous Communication with TPC
The Officer or Supervisor in-charge of supervising repair work should maintain continuous communication with the TPC from the site of breakdown. For this purpose an intelligent person should be posted to man the nearest emergency telephone socket continuously to transmit and receive messages as required. It is very important that the field staff remains on call all the time until normal service is restored, since no provision exists in the emergency telephone circuit for the TPC to ring up the emergency telephone stations at the site.
20823 Detailed Assessment by the First Supervisor/Officer Reaching Site
The first Supervisor or Officer of the Traction Branch reaching the site of the breakdown should make a quick assessment of the extent of damage and the time required for restoration. He will ascertain from TPC the details of break-down gangs and equipment directed to the site and if the circumstances warrant, ask for additional gangs and breakdown equipment to be sent to the site. On receipt of these details, TPC should arrange for additional gangs and equipment to be sent to the site expeditiously. In the meanwhile, isolation and repair works should be started at site.
Further details on the extent of damage and estimated time as obtained from the Supervisor/Officer at the site from time to time will be passed on from TPC to the Section Controller to enable him to review the arrangement for regulating the traffic initially made.
In the event of major breakdowns affecting main line traffic, Sr. DOM/DOM of the Division should personally take over regulation of traffic arrangements.
20824 Preservation of Evidence
When a pantograph gets entangled with the OHE, it is often very difficult to establish whether the damage originated from a faulty pantograph or a defect on the OHE.
The first Officer or Supervisor of the Electrical Department arriving at site of a breakdown particularly those involving entanglement of pantographs with the OHE, should make a very careful note of all relevant details pertaining to the breakdown and also prepare a sketch indicating the particulars. He will also arrange for preservation of such evidence as may be useful subsequently for investigating the cause of the breakdown.
Items to be checked on the pantograph and OHE are indicated in the Annexure 8.01 and 8.02.
20825 Safety Rules to be Observed
While speed is the essence of emergency working, rules prescribed for safe working shall never be infringed. Repair work may commence only after an emergency power block has been obtained and all other precautions necessary for protection of the staff taken. On completion of the repair work, the power block may be cancelled according to the prescribed procedure.
20826 Temporary Repairs for Restoration of Traffic
In the first instance, repairs to the OHE should be kept to the barest minimum necessary for restoration of traffic with least possible delay. Work must proceed simultaneously at many points. After effecting temporary repairs, the Officer or Supervisor in-charge of the work should personally check the whole area and satisfy himself that the installations are in order and safe. He may impose such speed restriction as necessary for movement of electric and other than electric trains till permanent repairs are carried out. Permanent repairs should be arranged and speed restrictions removed and normal operation restored at the earliest opportunity.
20827 Clearance of Line for Steam/Diesel Traction
If the breakdown is extensive and restoration of electric traction is unlikely in a short time even with temporary repairs, the line should be cleared for diesel/steam traction as soon as possible, so that traffic may be kept moving until repairs to the OHE are completed. After steam/diesel traction is introduced full precautions should be taken for protection of staff working at site.
20828 Wring Train
If the OHE has suffered extensive damage, the OHE wiring train should be requisitioned to speed up the work.
The wiring train generally consists of a stores-cum-tool van, a workshop van, a staff and kitchen van, a reel wagon loaded with one drum of catenary wire and one drum of contact wire, wagon loaded with materials for temporary diversions, a BFR loaded with structures, a hand-operated crane to facilitate erection of masts, a power car with two diesel generator sets for supplying power to the workshop van and for lighting, two brake vans, an adequate quantity of OHE material and flood-lights with trailing cables. The vans have platforms with side-railings to facilitate working on the roof.
20829 Interference with OHE During Restoration
In clearing the line for traffic, breakdown staff are forbidden to disturb the OHE masts or to cut the OHE conductors except under the specific orders of Sr.DEE(TrD)/DEE(TrD). If it becomes necessary to slew the OHE conductors to facilitate crane working, this should be arranged to be done by the Electrical Department staff. It should be borne in mind that indiscriminate cutting of OHE conductors will necessitate introduction of splices which are not conducive to good current collection. Also introduction of such splices is liable to delay restoration of normal electric services.
20830 Temporary Diversions
Sometimes with derailments and accidents occurring in electrified sections, temporary diversions have to be laid to clear the traffic with other than electric traction. A quick means of wiring such diversions so as to resume electric traction without waiting for the main line to be commissioned is described below.
The constructional details of the arrangement for such diversions on BG may be seen in Fig.8.01.
The portal type structures are made out of 80mm diameter GI pipes using two right angled 'T joints. Guys are used in both perpendicular and parallel directions to the track so as to give extra safety against heavy wind load. The contact wire is suspended with the help of special fittings made of MS flats form the catenary wire stretched between the two uprights of the structure and insulated by two 9-tonne insulators as shown in the figure.
The 80mm diameter GI pipes are placed in 150mm diameter MS pipes welded on to a 10mm thick 450mm x 450mm MS base plate which in turn is bolted by 10mm diameter through bolts to a 4880mm long crossing sleeper 
put under the rails. The weight of the rails keeps the crossing sleeper and thereby the structure in position. The void between the 80mm diameter and 150mm diameter pipes is wedged by wooden wedges and also filled up with sand and covered by bituminous compound so as to prevent rusting of the GI pipe due to the seepage of water through the sand. Since the whole structure is attached to the track as above, the chances of tilting or sinking of the structure with shrinkage or settlement of the temporary un-consolidated embankment are eliminated.
The contact wire is anchored at both ends at a height of 6 m on existing masts and 'fly guys' are provided from the anchor mast to the base of the next mast so that no separate foundation is necessary for anchoring and also the guy can be removed easily at the time of dismantling.
The advantages of the above type of construction are as under -
1. It is cheap.
2. The structures weigh less than 150 kg and 4 men can easily erect or dismantle them.
3. Since no foundations are required, time is not lost in excavation for foundation and consequently the structures can be erected quickly.
4. The equipment can be dismantled and erected at new sites quickly.
5. The traffic can move at the speed restriction imposed for the permanent way and no extra speed restriction on account of OHE is necessary.
6. The materials used for the work are easily obtainable, the new fabrications required can easily be manufactured in workshops and stocked at depots for quick use in emergencies.
20831 Funds Required for Dealing with Breakdowns
Funds required for dealing with breakdowns may be obtained from station earnings in accordance with Para 714 of the Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual reproduced below :-
(1) The Divisional/District Engineer or the Assistant Engineer on his behalf may drew upon the station earnings according to such instructions as prescribed by the Administration under note to Para 1405G, for the following purposes:—
(a) Payment to daily labour employed at the site of breach or accident.
(b) Purchase of tools or materials required in connection with accidents which cannot be supplied in time by the Stores Department.
(c) To provide food to engineering labour at the site of breach or accident with the assistance of Station Masters or Inspectors of the Commercial Department.
The supply of food free of charge is permitted in special circumstances at the discretion of the Administration to facilitate expeditious restoration of traffic.
When food is supplied free at the site of an accident to engineering and other labour the expenditure per head per day shall not exceed the prescribed limit.
2. The Accounts Officer should be advised immediately by telegram of each sum taken from station earnings.
In all cases, Engineers obtaining advances from station earnings should, do so under a clear receipt. On the receipt, the object for which the money has been procured should be clearly stated.
A complete account should be submitted at the earliest possible date to the accounts department supported by pay sheets and vouchers.
3. All payments to labour should be witnessed by the Assistant Engineer at site.
20832 Log of Events and Reporting of Break-downs
1. In all major break-downs TPC, senior officials and Officers concerned shall maintain a detailed log of events in their diaries noting the time and brief details which may help in fixing the responsibility for any avoidable delay in restoration.
2. The DRM should submit to CEE and COM a detailed report covering every major break-down of OHE or other traction installations giving all essential information including—
1. nature of break-downs and lines affected with detailed sketch;
2. chronological account of action taken to effect repairs and restore traffic;
3. repercussions on traffic and rough estimated cost for repairing the damage;
4. cause of break-down and staff responsible, if any;
5. any other special features including an objective analysis of the time taken for repairs and restoration of traffic with a view to see if these could have been done more expeditiously and if so measures proposed to improve the performance in future.
20833 Protection of Staff
In addition to ensuring that work on OHE is commenced only after obtaining a power block as stated in Para 20825 above, the supervisor in-charge shall take all measures for protection of staff and for exhibition of hand-signals as per GR and SR, particularly when the line under repair and the adjacent lines are not blocked for other traffic.
20834 Use of Cranes
Special care is necessary when steam or hand cranes are used at the site of break-downs. The movements of the cranes shall be carefully controlled by the person in-charge so as not to come within 2 m of live OHE, in addition to the usual precautions necessary to prevent infringement of adjacent tracks which have not been blocked for other traffic. V. ROAD VEHICLES 20835 Use of Road Vehicles during Emergencies
Road vehicles like motor trucks and jeeps available with maintenance officials should be maintained in proper condition at all times, as they are liable to be called for use in attending to breakdowns or emergencies. The essential rules for operation of road vehicles are given in the following paras.
20836 Driver's Duties
1. No person shall drive a vehicle belonging to the railway unless he has a proper license and is duly authorized. No vehicle shall be driven on a public road unless the necessary tax has been paid to the Licensing Authority for the area as prescribed by the Motor Vehicles Act.
2. Every Driver of a vehicle shall familiarize himself and comply with the traffic laws prevailing in the area, where he operates. He shall be liable to disciplinary action for any willful violation thereof.
3. Before operating any vehicle the Driver shall make sure that it is in a proper operating condition as follows:— (a) Test brakes, steering gear, clutch, horn and lights.
(b) See that the tyres are in good condition and properly inflated.
(c) Check emergency equipment e.g., first aid kit jack and tools.
(d) Ensure that requisite quantities of petrol, lubricating oil and water are available in the vehicle.
Drivers shall test the head and the tail lights before undertaking night driving. They shall not undertake driving until these are in order.
4. If any major defect is noticed during a journey, it shall be reported to the Electrical Foreman concerned immediately, and the vehicle shall not be operated until the defect has been set right.
5. Before filling the petrol tank the engine shall be shut off. The hose nozzle shall be kept in contact with the tank to avoid static sparks.
While filling petrol tanks of the vehicles, smoking and use of open flames shall not be permitted near the vehicle.
6. 'Left-hand-drive' vehicles shall have these words written and displayed conspicuously at the back.
7. All loaded trucks, carrying loads projecting beyond the rear end of the body shall carry red flags of approved type and size when driving during day-time and red lights placed at extreme ends of the loads or trailers at night.
8. Drivers shall not drive vehicles while in a drunken state. 20837 Operation of Road Vehicles
1. When loading or unloading vehicles, the emergency parking brakes shall be applied and the wheels blocked.
2. Equipment, materials and tools carried on vehicles shall be properly secured and arranged so as not to obstruct the view of the Driver or to interfere with his giving traffic signals.
3. The vehicle shall be operated within prescribed speed limits. The speed shall be reasonably reduced, where necessary, due to bad weather, poor visibility, heavy traffic and the conditions of the road and the Driver.
4. Drivers shall keep at a safe distance from vehicles in front. They shall not attempt to overtake any vehicle unless they can see far enough to be sure of passing safely and until the horn signal given for this purpose has been accepted by the Driver of the vehicle in front.
5. Drivers shall not attempt to pass other vehicles on curves, grades, street intersections or such other places where the view is not clear.
6. No motor vehicle shall be driven past school buses that are taking in or putting down children.
7. Drivers shall, at night, dim lights when meeting other vehicles. When blinded by glaring headlights they shall slow down and, if necessary, stop until the vehicle has crossed.
8. When fire department vehicles, ambulances or police patrols are heard or observed approaching from any direction, vehicles shall be stopped at a safe place until these vehicles have passed.
9. When proceeding down a grade the clutch shall not be disengaged. The engine shall be throttled.
10. When approaching railway crossings and road intersections, Drivers shall slow down speed and be prepared to stop.
11. On slippery roads, Drivers, shall operate at a much lower speed and keep a safe distance from vehicles in front to enable them to make a stop within safe limits, leaving the vehicle in gear and applying the brakes until speed has been retarded sufficiently to engage the clutch without danger of skidding.
12. Drivers shall anticipate the intentions of other Drivers and pedestrians and shall themselves give clear signals of their intentions regarding stopping or turning. They shall make allowance for lack of skill or improper attitude on the part of other Drivers, pedestrians, children and animals. They shall not frighten or annoy them by hooting too frequently.
13. When moving a vehicle in reverse direction make sure that the rear is clear and free. Under poor visibility or an hilly or congested roads, driver shall employ a signal-man.
14. Horns shall be used only when necessary. Use of horn just near the object is dangerous and shall be avoided.
15. Doors, tail gates, or parts of load of a vehicle shall not be kept dangling when the vehicle is in motion.
16. The number of persons riding with the Driver shall not exceed the number of seats actually provided.
20838 Precautions when Transporting Heavy Materials
1. Drivers of trucks carrying heavy structures or long ladders equipped with booms shall not drive with such equipment in an elevated or partially elevated position.
2. Proper precautions shall be taken at all times to prevent contact with overhead lines, trees or structures.
3. In transporting material, particular care shall be exercised to see that material will not shift or fall from the vehicle.
4. Where poles or the long sections of material projecting beyond the vehicle are to be transported along public roads, a red flag in day-time or a red light at night shall be fastened to the end of the projection.
20839 Transportation of Personnel
1. The number of employees carried in vehicles shall not exceed the prescribed limit and they shall be provided with proper sitting arrangements.
2. Persons who are not employed in the railway shall not be allowed to use the vehicles unless specifically permitted.
3. A person shall not put any part of his body outside the vehicles and shall not sit or. stand on the rung-board or other outside projections of the vehicle when in motion to avoid injury from other vehicles.
4. Employees shall not enter or leave the vehicle when it is in motion.
5. Employees shall not ride on a load of poles or other material carried on vehicles in a dangerous way.
6. Vehicles fully loaded with personnel shall not be started or stopped suddenly with a jerk, except under emergency conditions.
20840 Parking
1. Vehicles should be parked on the correct side close to kerb of the road so as not to interfere with traffic. Vehicles shall not be parked on bridges, road curves, culverts and intersections.-
2. When parking on a grade, the vehicle shall be in gear, hand-brakes, applied wheels turned towards the kerb. Bricks or stones shall be placed in the wheel path on the down grade side so that the vehicle cannot accidentally roll down.
3. When parking along a highway at night, parking lights shall be left on, but dimmed. If any repair work is to be done, flares shall be set at opposite ends so as to be visible from a distance of at least 150m to warn other Drivers in advance.
4. When parking on the highway near another vehicle on the opposite side of the road, sufficient clearance shall be kept between the two vehicles.
5. Before leaving a parked vehicle, Drivers shall take with them the ignition key to prevent theft or unauthorized starting of the vehicle.
6. Before changing tyres or making any other repairs along a highway, the Drivers shall pull off the vehicle to the side of the road at a safe distance from the running traffic.
7. When leaving or entering a parked vehicle, kerb side doors alone shall be used. If the doors open on roadside, look back and make sure that no vehicle is approaching from the rear.
8. Before starting a parked vehicle, the Driver shall observe the front and the rear to ensure that there are no persons or objects in the way.
20841 Maintenance of Road Vehicles
1. Road vehicles are costly and should be driven carefully and maintained efficiently. The Foreman-in-charge shall inspect every vehicle under his control at least once a fortnight, and arrange to have the defects noticed rectified promptly.
2. Every emergency vehicle shall also be inspected by an AEE once a month and by the DEE once in six months and the observations made recorded in a register.
3. Each vehicle shall be equipped with an approved set of tools and first aid kit and the Driver shall be trained in their use.
4. A first aid blanket shall be carried on every truck and the Driver shall be trained to use it as an improvised stretcher.
5. When vehicles are jacked up for working underneath, sufficient number of wooden blocks shall be put below to protect men underneath, should the jack fail. Goggles shall be worn to prevent dust getting into eyes.
20842 Procedure in Traffic Accidents
1. Accidents which may appear trivial often result in claims for personal injury or damage to property. A Driver shall, therefore, always be courteous and helpful.
2. Drivers shall not get involved in an argument as to who was responsible for the accident but endeavour to get all the facts in the case.
3. The following instructions shall be observed by Drivers should an accident occur:-
(a) Stop the vehicle and pull over to the kerb if no other vehicle is involved. The vehicle should not be disturbed should there be a fatal accident, as police may make note of the evidence. Protect the rear and front so as to divert the traffic.
(b) If any one is injured, render first aid; send for the Doctor and ambulance, if necessary. Render every assistance.
(c) Do not leave the scene of accident without stopping to identify yourself.
(d) When requested, give your name and address and show your Driver's License to the other party.
(e) Secure name, address and license number of the other Driver, vehicle license number and names and addresses of the vehicle owner, witnesses and the insurance company.
(f) Unless some police officer is available at the scene of accident, notify police station having jurisdiction in the territory.
(g) Sketch the location showing position of vehicles or pedestrians involved and any special condition such as obstructions, parked cars, skid marks.
(h) Try to get the names and addresses of any eye witness and if possible get their statements.
(i) Record date, time of day, weather and road conditions and any other information which you may consider useful.
(j) Submit a detailed report to the superior. Annexure 8.01 PANTO ENTANGLEMENTS : ITEMS TO BE CHECKED ON PANTOGRAPH 1) Check that the pantograph wearing strips are properly-fastened with the panto pan and there are no loose fastners or bent strip or deep grooves on the strips. Pantograph strip joints must be smooth so as not to hinder smooth gliding of the contact wire on the pan.
2) Check that the grease plate is properly fastened.
3) Check the bow plunger for free sliding while pressing. Check that the split pins are intact.
4) Check the horizontality of the pantograph pan and that the vertical movement in force. Check the transverse flexibility of the pan by pulling transversely at the middle cross member with a force of 50 kgf. The displacement of the pan at the middle cross member should be 36 + 5mm. Check that the positioning link is not bent/cracked or dislocated from the fixing pivots. Check that the split pins are intact. 
5) Check the pantograph frame for signs of bending or cracks. Check the springs for any cracks.
6) If possible, take the measurement of the pan as per the Fig. 8.02.
7) Check the broken or cracked fittings of the pantograph and see whether the cracks are old or fresh. Annexure 8.02 PROFORMA FOR RECORDING MEASUREMENT/OBSERVATION IN RESPECT OF OHE IN CASE OF PANTO ENTANGLEMENT. 1. Location
2. Height of contact wire of main line above R.L.
3. Height of contact wire of turn-out/cross-over above R.L.
4. Stagger of contact wire of main line.
5. Stagger of contact wire of turn-out/cross-over.
6. Length of steady arm holding main line contact wire.
7. Length of steady arm holding turn-out/crossover contact wire.
8. Position of Registration tube and register arm dropper clip.
9. Track separation at obligatory point.
10. Position at which horn of pantograph jumped above contact wire.
11. Vertical height of steady arm clamp from register arm.
12. Hitting marks on the steady/Registration arm tube, P.G. clamps droppers, contact wire, dropper clip, splices, jumpers, if any.
13. Condition of cracked or broken OHE fittings such as clamps, splices and clips etc. Check whether the cracks are fresh or old.
14. Check free vertical movement of the steady arm.
Above observations will be made on every mast within at least 500 m in the rear of the location of entanglement.
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SWITCHGEAR INSPECTION AND TEST PROCEDURE PKR ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING CONFIDENTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 1) VISUAL INSPECTION 2) W...
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